A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood
Citric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1692 |
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| author | Seng Hua Lee Paridah Md Tahir Wei Chen Lum Li Peng Tan Paiman Bawon Byung-Dae Park Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus Ummi Hani Abdullah |
| author_facet | Seng Hua Lee Paridah Md Tahir Wei Chen Lum Li Peng Tan Paiman Bawon Byung-Dae Park Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus Ummi Hani Abdullah |
| author_sort | Seng Hua Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA contains three carboxyl groups, making it possible to attain at least two esterification reactions that are required for crosslinking when reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the cell wall polymers. In addition, the reaction could form ester linkages to bring adhesivity and good bonding characteristics, and therefore CA could be used as wood binder too. This paper presents a review concerning the usage of CA as a wood modifying agent and binder. For wood modification, the reaction mechanism between wood and CA and the pros and cons of using CA are discussed. CA and its combination with various reactants and their respective optimum parameters are also compiled in this paper. As for the major wood bonding component, the bonding mechanism and types of wood composites bonded with CA are presented. The best working conditions for the CA in the fabrication of wood-based panels are discussed. In addition, the environmental impacts and future outlook of CA-treated wood and bonded composite are also considered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:08:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-64e4139ce3a242948f17e5b2d480f288 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:08:06Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-64e4139ce3a242948f17e5b2d480f2882023-11-20T08:20:39ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-07-01128169210.3390/polym12081692A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for WoodSeng Hua Lee0Paridah Md Tahir1Wei Chen Lum2Li Peng Tan3Paiman Bawon4Byung-Dae Park5Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus6Ummi Hani Abdullah7Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaInstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, MalaysiaCitric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA contains three carboxyl groups, making it possible to attain at least two esterification reactions that are required for crosslinking when reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the cell wall polymers. In addition, the reaction could form ester linkages to bring adhesivity and good bonding characteristics, and therefore CA could be used as wood binder too. This paper presents a review concerning the usage of CA as a wood modifying agent and binder. For wood modification, the reaction mechanism between wood and CA and the pros and cons of using CA are discussed. CA and its combination with various reactants and their respective optimum parameters are also compiled in this paper. As for the major wood bonding component, the bonding mechanism and types of wood composites bonded with CA are presented. The best working conditions for the CA in the fabrication of wood-based panels are discussed. In addition, the environmental impacts and future outlook of CA-treated wood and bonded composite are also considered.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1692citric acidesterificationbinding agentwood modificationwood composite |
| spellingShingle | Seng Hua Lee Paridah Md Tahir Wei Chen Lum Li Peng Tan Paiman Bawon Byung-Dae Park Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus Ummi Hani Abdullah A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood Polymers citric acid esterification binding agent wood modification wood composite |
| title | A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood |
| title_full | A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood |
| title_fullStr | A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood |
| title_short | A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood |
| title_sort | review on citric acid as green modifying agent and binder for wood |
| topic | citric acid esterification binding agent wood modification wood composite |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1692 |
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