Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
Under the energy crisis and with greenhouse gases causing an ecological imbalance, biofuel has attracted worldwide attention due to its sustainability and low net-carbon emission. For years, the traditional biodiesel industry has been demanding a high-performance solid base catalyst. Its poor reusab...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/775 |
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| author | Shunpan Zhang Junying Fu Shiyou Xing Ming Li Xiaochun Liu Lingmei Yang Pengmei Lv |
| author_facet | Shunpan Zhang Junying Fu Shiyou Xing Ming Li Xiaochun Liu Lingmei Yang Pengmei Lv |
| author_sort | Shunpan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Under the energy crisis and with greenhouse gases causing an ecological imbalance, biofuel has attracted worldwide attention due to its sustainability and low net-carbon emission. For years, the traditional biodiesel industry has been demanding a high-performance solid base catalyst. Its poor reusability is the bottleneck for a promising calcium-based solid-base catalyst. In this work, we successfully adopted a new silicate-strength strategy to improve the stability while preserving the activity of the catalyst. The newly synthesized catalyst, NCSO, had two main catalytic phases, Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> and CaO, and showed a 98.2% FAMEs yield in 60 min at 80 °C with a methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1 and 5 wt.% catalyst loading. After 12 consecutive reuses, a 57.3% FAMEs yield could still be achieved. The effect of the reaction temperature, methanol ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time on the FAMEs yield was also investigated. With a combined characterization of XRD, XPS, and SEM, etc., we confirmed that Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> and CaO showed a synergistic effect in catalyzing the transesterification reaction: the addition of the Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> phase in NCSO could significantly improve the activity of CaO, while the CaO phase, in turn, helps to stabilize the Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> phase. This silicate-strength strategy provides a new route to synthesize stable and highly active solid base catalysts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:09:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65008324cf824200955eb843414694d9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:09:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-65008324cf824200955eb843414694d92023-11-17T18:42:23ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442023-04-0113477510.3390/catal13040775Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel ProductionShunpan Zhang0Junying Fu1Shiyou Xing2Ming Li3Xiaochun Liu4Lingmei Yang5Pengmei Lv6Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaUnder the energy crisis and with greenhouse gases causing an ecological imbalance, biofuel has attracted worldwide attention due to its sustainability and low net-carbon emission. For years, the traditional biodiesel industry has been demanding a high-performance solid base catalyst. Its poor reusability is the bottleneck for a promising calcium-based solid-base catalyst. In this work, we successfully adopted a new silicate-strength strategy to improve the stability while preserving the activity of the catalyst. The newly synthesized catalyst, NCSO, had two main catalytic phases, Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> and CaO, and showed a 98.2% FAMEs yield in 60 min at 80 °C with a methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1 and 5 wt.% catalyst loading. After 12 consecutive reuses, a 57.3% FAMEs yield could still be achieved. The effect of the reaction temperature, methanol ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time on the FAMEs yield was also investigated. With a combined characterization of XRD, XPS, and SEM, etc., we confirmed that Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> and CaO showed a synergistic effect in catalyzing the transesterification reaction: the addition of the Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> phase in NCSO could significantly improve the activity of CaO, while the CaO phase, in turn, helps to stabilize the Na<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> phase. This silicate-strength strategy provides a new route to synthesize stable and highly active solid base catalysts.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/775biodieseltransesterificationsolid base catalystsilicate-strength strategy |
| spellingShingle | Shunpan Zhang Junying Fu Shiyou Xing Ming Li Xiaochun Liu Lingmei Yang Pengmei Lv Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production Catalysts biodiesel transesterification solid base catalyst silicate-strength strategy |
| title | Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production |
| title_full | Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production |
| title_fullStr | Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production |
| title_short | Sodium Silicates Modified Calcium Oxide as a High-Performance Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production |
| title_sort | sodium silicates modified calcium oxide as a high performance solid base catalyst for biodiesel production |
| topic | biodiesel transesterification solid base catalyst silicate-strength strategy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/775 |
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