Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10
Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance bet...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3571 |
| _version_ | 1797581984007979008 |
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| author | Rafael Erdmann Mirko Rennert Thomas Meins |
| author_facet | Rafael Erdmann Mirko Rennert Thomas Meins |
| author_sort | Rafael Erdmann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl<sup>®</sup> ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl<sup>®</sup> content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-triclinic and pseudo <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (<i>M<sub>w</sub></i>) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm<sup>−1</sup>) and secondary (1634 cm<sup>−1</sup>) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:14:20Z |
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| id | doaj.art-6503e2790c574dbb9c5cccb3b9e226e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:14:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-6503e2790c574dbb9c5cccb3b9e226e82023-11-19T08:43:30ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-08-011517357110.3390/polym15173571Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10Rafael Erdmann0Mirko Rennert1Thomas Meins2Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, GermanyInstitute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, GermanyInstitute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, GermanyBio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl<sup>®</sup> ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl<sup>®</sup> content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-triclinic and pseudo <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (<i>M<sub>w</sub></i>) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm<sup>−1</sup>) and secondary (1634 cm<sup>−1</sup>) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3571polyamide 10.10chain-extenderJoncryl<sup>®</sup>epoxy functionalizationreactive modificationbranched polymer |
| spellingShingle | Rafael Erdmann Mirko Rennert Thomas Meins Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 Polymers polyamide 10.10 chain-extender Joncryl<sup>®</sup> epoxy functionalization reactive modification branched polymer |
| title | Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 |
| title_full | Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 |
| title_short | Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10 |
| title_sort | influence of epoxy functional chain extenders on the thermal and rheological properties of bio based polyamide 10 10 |
| topic | polyamide 10.10 chain-extender Joncryl<sup>®</sup> epoxy functionalization reactive modification branched polymer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/17/3571 |
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