Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications
Nowadays, magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones. However, the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation. Refinement of microstructure, as well as reinforcement particles can significantly imp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Magnesium and Alloys |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956723002670 |
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| author | Bo Wu Farazila Yusof Fuguo Li Huan Miao A.R. Bushroa Mohd Ridha Bin Muhamad Irfan Anjum Badruddin Mahmoud Z. Ibrahim |
| author_facet | Bo Wu Farazila Yusof Fuguo Li Huan Miao A.R. Bushroa Mohd Ridha Bin Muhamad Irfan Anjum Badruddin Mahmoud Z. Ibrahim |
| author_sort | Bo Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones. However, the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation. Refinement of microstructure, as well as reinforcement particles can significantly improve the degradation rate. In this work, multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) was proposed to synthesize WE43/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) surface composite, the microstructure, reinforced particle distribution, micro-hardness, corrosion behavior and in-vitro bioactivity were studied. The subsequent FSP passes of WE43 alloy and WE43/nHA composite refined the grain size which was reduced by 94.29% and 95.92% (2.63 and 1.88 µm, respectively) compared to base metal after three passes. This resulted in increasing the microhardness by 120% (90.86 HV0.1) and 135% (105.59 HV0.1) for the WE43 and WE43-nHA, respectively. It is found that increasing FSP passes improved the uniform distribution of nHA particles within the composite matrix which led to improved corrosion resistance and less degradation rate. The corrosion rate of the FSPed WE43/nHA composite after three passes was reduced by 38.2% (4.13 mm/year) and the degradation rate was reduced by 69.7% (2.87 mm/y). This is attributed to secondary phase (Mg24Y5 and Mg41Nd5) particle fragmentation and redistribution, as well as a homogeneous distribution of nHA. Additionally, the growing Ca-P and Mg(OH)2 layer formed on the surface represented a protective layer that reduced the degradation rate. The wettability test revealed a relatively hydrophilic surface with water contact angle of 49.1 ± 2.2° compared to 71.2 ± 2.1° for base metal. Also, biomineralization test showed that apatite layer grew after immersion 7d in simulated body fluid with atomic ratio of Ca/P 1.60 approaching the stoichiometric ratio (1.67) indicating superior bioactivity of FSPed WE43/nHA composite after three passes. These results raise that the grain refinement by FSP and introduction of nHA particles significantly improved the degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T23:06:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-651230a514ac4c6da3fbca947d128f56 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2213-9567 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T23:06:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Magnesium and Alloys |
| spelling | doaj.art-651230a514ac4c6da3fbca947d128f562024-02-22T04:52:39ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Journal of Magnesium and Alloys2213-95672024-01-01121209224Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applicationsBo Wu0Farazila Yusof1Fuguo Li2Huan Miao3A.R. Bushroa4Mohd Ridha Bin Muhamad5Irfan Anjum Badruddin6Mahmoud Z. Ibrahim7Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Center of Foundation studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Corresponding authors at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt; Corresponding authors at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.Nowadays, magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones. However, the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation. Refinement of microstructure, as well as reinforcement particles can significantly improve the degradation rate. In this work, multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) was proposed to synthesize WE43/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) surface composite, the microstructure, reinforced particle distribution, micro-hardness, corrosion behavior and in-vitro bioactivity were studied. The subsequent FSP passes of WE43 alloy and WE43/nHA composite refined the grain size which was reduced by 94.29% and 95.92% (2.63 and 1.88 µm, respectively) compared to base metal after three passes. This resulted in increasing the microhardness by 120% (90.86 HV0.1) and 135% (105.59 HV0.1) for the WE43 and WE43-nHA, respectively. It is found that increasing FSP passes improved the uniform distribution of nHA particles within the composite matrix which led to improved corrosion resistance and less degradation rate. The corrosion rate of the FSPed WE43/nHA composite after three passes was reduced by 38.2% (4.13 mm/year) and the degradation rate was reduced by 69.7% (2.87 mm/y). This is attributed to secondary phase (Mg24Y5 and Mg41Nd5) particle fragmentation and redistribution, as well as a homogeneous distribution of nHA. Additionally, the growing Ca-P and Mg(OH)2 layer formed on the surface represented a protective layer that reduced the degradation rate. The wettability test revealed a relatively hydrophilic surface with water contact angle of 49.1 ± 2.2° compared to 71.2 ± 2.1° for base metal. Also, biomineralization test showed that apatite layer grew after immersion 7d in simulated body fluid with atomic ratio of Ca/P 1.60 approaching the stoichiometric ratio (1.67) indicating superior bioactivity of FSPed WE43/nHA composite after three passes. These results raise that the grain refinement by FSP and introduction of nHA particles significantly improved the degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956723002670Friction stir processingMagnesium-based compositeNano-hydroxyapatiteCorrosion behaviorIn-vitro bioactivity |
| spellingShingle | Bo Wu Farazila Yusof Fuguo Li Huan Miao A.R. Bushroa Mohd Ridha Bin Muhamad Irfan Anjum Badruddin Mahmoud Z. Ibrahim Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications Journal of Magnesium and Alloys Friction stir processing Magnesium-based composite Nano-hydroxyapatite Corrosion behavior In-vitro bioactivity |
| title | Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| title_full | Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| title_fullStr | Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| title_short | Effects of friction stir processing and nano-hydroxyapatite on the microstructure, hardness, degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| title_sort | effects of friction stir processing and nano hydroxyapatite on the microstructure hardness degradation rate and in vitro bioactivity of we43 alloy for biomedical applications |
| topic | Friction stir processing Magnesium-based composite Nano-hydroxyapatite Corrosion behavior In-vitro bioactivity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956723002670 |
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