Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a product that can greatly alleviate problems related to the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, replacing such a battery will increase the cost of usage before the end of the life of a HEV. Thus, research on the multi-objective energy management co...
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MDPI AG
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/1/202 |
| _version_ | 1828119936964231168 |
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| author | Lu Han Xiaohong Jiao Zhao Zhang |
| author_facet | Lu Han Xiaohong Jiao Zhao Zhang |
| author_sort | Lu Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a product that can greatly alleviate problems related to the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, replacing such a battery will increase the cost of usage before the end of the life of a HEV. Thus, research on the multi-objective energy management control problem, which aims to not only minimize the gasoline consumption and consumed electricity but also prolong battery life, is necessary and challenging for HEV. This paper presents an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on a recurrent neural network (RNN-A-ECMS) to solve the multi-objective optimal control problem for a plug-in HEV (PHEV). The two objectives of energy consumption and battery loss are balanced in the cost function by a weighting factor that changes in real time with the operating mode and current state of the vehicle. The near-global optimality of the energy management control is guaranteed by the equivalent factor (EF) in the designed A-ECMS. As the determined EF is dependent on the optimal co-state of the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), which results in the online ECMS being regarded as a realization of PMP-based global optimization during the whole driving cycle. The time-varying weight factor and the co-state of the PMP are map tables on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and power demand, which are established offline by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and real historical traffic data. In addition to the mappings of the weight factor and the major component of the EF linked to the optimal co-state of the PMP, the real-time performance of the energy management control is also guaranteed by the tuning component of the EF of A-ECMS resulting from the Proportional plus Integral (PI) control on the deviation between the battery SOC and the optimal trajectory of the SOC obtained by the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The RNN is trained offline by the SOC trajectory optimized by dynamic programming (DP) utilizing the historical traffic data. Finally, the effectiveness and the adaptability of the proposed RNN-A-ECMS are demonstrated on the test platform of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on GT-SUITE (a professional integrated simulation platform for engine/vehicle systems developed by Gamma Technologies of US company) compared with the existing strategy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:57:04Z |
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| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:57:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-65256189f143493faec48bf3d684486d2022-12-22T04:20:17ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732020-01-0113120210.3390/en13010202en13010202Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery AgingLu Han0Xiaohong Jiao1Zhao Zhang2Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaInstitute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaInstitute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, ChinaA hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a product that can greatly alleviate problems related to the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, replacing such a battery will increase the cost of usage before the end of the life of a HEV. Thus, research on the multi-objective energy management control problem, which aims to not only minimize the gasoline consumption and consumed electricity but also prolong battery life, is necessary and challenging for HEV. This paper presents an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on a recurrent neural network (RNN-A-ECMS) to solve the multi-objective optimal control problem for a plug-in HEV (PHEV). The two objectives of energy consumption and battery loss are balanced in the cost function by a weighting factor that changes in real time with the operating mode and current state of the vehicle. The near-global optimality of the energy management control is guaranteed by the equivalent factor (EF) in the designed A-ECMS. As the determined EF is dependent on the optimal co-state of the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), which results in the online ECMS being regarded as a realization of PMP-based global optimization during the whole driving cycle. The time-varying weight factor and the co-state of the PMP are map tables on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and power demand, which are established offline by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and real historical traffic data. In addition to the mappings of the weight factor and the major component of the EF linked to the optimal co-state of the PMP, the real-time performance of the energy management control is also guaranteed by the tuning component of the EF of A-ECMS resulting from the Proportional plus Integral (PI) control on the deviation between the battery SOC and the optimal trajectory of the SOC obtained by the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The RNN is trained offline by the SOC trajectory optimized by dynamic programming (DP) utilizing the historical traffic data. Finally, the effectiveness and the adaptability of the proposed RNN-A-ECMS are demonstrated on the test platform of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on GT-SUITE (a professional integrated simulation platform for engine/vehicle systems developed by Gamma Technologies of US company) compared with the existing strategy.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/1/202hybrid electric vehicles (hevs)battery lifemulti-objective energy managementadaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (a-ecms)pontryagin’s minimum principle (pmp)particle swarm optimization (pso)recurrent-neural-network (rnn) |
| spellingShingle | Lu Han Xiaohong Jiao Zhao Zhang Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging Energies hybrid electric vehicles (hevs) battery life multi-objective energy management adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (a-ecms) pontryagin’s minimum principle (pmp) particle swarm optimization (pso) recurrent-neural-network (rnn) |
| title | Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging |
| title_full | Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging |
| title_fullStr | Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging |
| title_short | Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging |
| title_sort | recurrent neural network based adaptive energy management control strategy of plug in hybrid electric vehicles considering battery aging |
| topic | hybrid electric vehicles (hevs) battery life multi-objective energy management adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (a-ecms) pontryagin’s minimum principle (pmp) particle swarm optimization (pso) recurrent-neural-network (rnn) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/1/202 |
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