Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety
External forces, such as ground reaction force or air drag acting on athletes' bodies in sports, determine the sport-specific demands on athletes' physical fitness. In order to establish appropriate physical conditioning regimes, which adequately prepare athletes for the loads and physical...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00145/full |
| _version_ | 1818132173291520000 |
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| author | Matthias Gilgien Matthias Gilgien Josef Kröll Jörg Spörri Jörg Spörri Philip Crivelli Erich Müller |
| author_facet | Matthias Gilgien Matthias Gilgien Josef Kröll Jörg Spörri Jörg Spörri Philip Crivelli Erich Müller |
| author_sort | Matthias Gilgien |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | External forces, such as ground reaction force or air drag acting on athletes' bodies in sports, determine the sport-specific demands on athletes' physical fitness. In order to establish appropriate physical conditioning regimes, which adequately prepare athletes for the loads and physical demands occurring in their sports and help reduce the risk of injury, sport-and/or discipline-specific knowledge of the external forces is needed. However, due to methodological shortcomings in biomechanical research, data comprehensively describing the external forces that occur in alpine super-G (SG) and downhill (DH) are so far lacking. Therefore, this study applied new and accurate wearable sensor-based technology to determine the external forces acting on skiers during World Cup (WC) alpine skiing competitions in the disciplines of SG and DH and to compare these with those occurring in giant slalom (GS), for which previous research knowledge exists. External forces were determined using WC forerunners carrying a differential global navigation satellite system (dGNSS). Combining the dGNSS data with a digital terrain model of the snow surface and an air drag model, the magnitudes of ground reaction forces were computed. It was found that the applied methodology may not only be used to track physical demands and loads on athletes, but also to simultaneously investigate safety aspects, such as the effectiveness of speed control through increased air drag and ski–snow friction forces in the respective disciplines. Therefore, the component of the ground reaction force in the direction of travel (ski–snow friction) and air drag force were computed. This study showed that (1) the validity of high-end dGNSS systems allows meaningful investigations such as characterization of physical demands and effectiveness of safety measures in highly dynamic sports; (2) physical demands were substantially different between GS, SG, and DH; and (3) safety-related reduction of skiing speed might be most effectively achieved by increasing the ski–snow friction force in GS and SG. For DH an increase in the ski–snow friction force might be equally as effective as an increase in air drag force. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T08:32:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6534aa94693d433a8717b72c08b596d1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T08:32:37Z |
| publishDate | 2018-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-6534aa94693d433a8717b72c08b596d12022-12-22T01:14:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2018-03-01910.3389/fphys.2018.00145308783Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and SafetyMatthias Gilgien0Matthias Gilgien1Josef Kröll2Jörg Spörri3Jörg Spörri4Philip Crivelli5Erich Müller6Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NorwaySt. Moritz Health and Innovation Foundation, Center of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, St. Moritz, SwitzerlandDepartment of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein, AustriaDepartment of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein, AustriaDepartment of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandGroup for Snowsports, WSL - Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, SwitzerlandDepartment of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein, AustriaExternal forces, such as ground reaction force or air drag acting on athletes' bodies in sports, determine the sport-specific demands on athletes' physical fitness. In order to establish appropriate physical conditioning regimes, which adequately prepare athletes for the loads and physical demands occurring in their sports and help reduce the risk of injury, sport-and/or discipline-specific knowledge of the external forces is needed. However, due to methodological shortcomings in biomechanical research, data comprehensively describing the external forces that occur in alpine super-G (SG) and downhill (DH) are so far lacking. Therefore, this study applied new and accurate wearable sensor-based technology to determine the external forces acting on skiers during World Cup (WC) alpine skiing competitions in the disciplines of SG and DH and to compare these with those occurring in giant slalom (GS), for which previous research knowledge exists. External forces were determined using WC forerunners carrying a differential global navigation satellite system (dGNSS). Combining the dGNSS data with a digital terrain model of the snow surface and an air drag model, the magnitudes of ground reaction forces were computed. It was found that the applied methodology may not only be used to track physical demands and loads on athletes, but also to simultaneously investigate safety aspects, such as the effectiveness of speed control through increased air drag and ski–snow friction forces in the respective disciplines. Therefore, the component of the ground reaction force in the direction of travel (ski–snow friction) and air drag force were computed. This study showed that (1) the validity of high-end dGNSS systems allows meaningful investigations such as characterization of physical demands and effectiveness of safety measures in highly dynamic sports; (2) physical demands were substantially different between GS, SG, and DH; and (3) safety-related reduction of skiing speed might be most effectively achieved by increasing the ski–snow friction force in GS and SG. For DH an increase in the ski–snow friction force might be equally as effective as an increase in air drag force.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00145/fullphysical fitnessstrength trainingphysical conditioningexternal forcesair dragground reaction force |
| spellingShingle | Matthias Gilgien Matthias Gilgien Josef Kröll Jörg Spörri Jörg Spörri Philip Crivelli Erich Müller Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety Frontiers in Physiology physical fitness strength training physical conditioning external forces air drag ground reaction force |
| title | Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety |
| title_full | Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety |
| title_fullStr | Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety |
| title_short | Application of dGNSS in Alpine Ski Racing: Basis for Evaluating Physical Demands and Safety |
| title_sort | application of dgnss in alpine ski racing basis for evaluating physical demands and safety |
| topic | physical fitness strength training physical conditioning external forces air drag ground reaction force |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00145/full |
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