Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics
Future sustainability of freshwater resources is seriously threatened due to the presence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and yet, the number, extent, and distribution of most cyanobacterial toxins—including “emerging” toxins and other bioactive compounds—are poorly understood. We measured 15 cyan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/2/62 |
| _version_ | 1817988778929684480 |
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| author | Lucas J. Beversdorf Chelsea A. Weirich Sarah L. Bartlett Todd. R. Miller |
| author_facet | Lucas J. Beversdorf Chelsea A. Weirich Sarah L. Bartlett Todd. R. Miller |
| author_sort | Lucas J. Beversdorf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Future sustainability of freshwater resources is seriously threatened due to the presence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and yet, the number, extent, and distribution of most cyanobacterial toxins—including “emerging” toxins and other bioactive compounds—are poorly understood. We measured 15 cyanobacterial compounds—including four microcystins (MC), saxitoxin (SXT), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), anatoxin-a (ATX) and homo-anatoxin-a (hATX), two anabaenopeptins (Apt), three cyanopeptolins (Cpt), microginin (Mgn), and nodularin (NOD)—in six freshwater lakes that regularly experience noxious cHABs. MC, a human liver toxin, was present in all six lakes and was detected in 80% of all samples. Similarly, Apt, Cpt, and Mgn were detected in all lakes in roughly 86%, 50%, and 35% of all samples, respectively. Despite being a notable brackish water toxin, NOD was detected in the two shallowest lakes—Wingra (4.3 m) and Koshkonong (2.1 m). All compounds were highly variable temporally, and spatially. Metabolite profiles were significantly different between lakes suggesting lake characteristics influenced the cyanobacterial community and/or metabolite production. Understanding how cyanobacterial toxins are distributed across eutrophic lakes may shed light onto the ecological function of these metabolites, provide valuable information for their remediation and removal, and aid in the protection of public health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:38:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6547a480040d4a119ed56e8b2187741d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:38:42Z |
| publishDate | 2017-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-6547a480040d4a119ed56e8b2187741d2022-12-22T02:22:15ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512017-02-01926210.3390/toxins9020062toxins9020062Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical CharacteristicsLucas J. Beversdorf0Chelsea A. Weirich1Sarah L. Bartlett2Todd. R. Miller3Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USAJoseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USASchool of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USAJoseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USAFuture sustainability of freshwater resources is seriously threatened due to the presence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and yet, the number, extent, and distribution of most cyanobacterial toxins—including “emerging” toxins and other bioactive compounds—are poorly understood. We measured 15 cyanobacterial compounds—including four microcystins (MC), saxitoxin (SXT), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), anatoxin-a (ATX) and homo-anatoxin-a (hATX), two anabaenopeptins (Apt), three cyanopeptolins (Cpt), microginin (Mgn), and nodularin (NOD)—in six freshwater lakes that regularly experience noxious cHABs. MC, a human liver toxin, was present in all six lakes and was detected in 80% of all samples. Similarly, Apt, Cpt, and Mgn were detected in all lakes in roughly 86%, 50%, and 35% of all samples, respectively. Despite being a notable brackish water toxin, NOD was detected in the two shallowest lakes—Wingra (4.3 m) and Koshkonong (2.1 m). All compounds were highly variable temporally, and spatially. Metabolite profiles were significantly different between lakes suggesting lake characteristics influenced the cyanobacterial community and/or metabolite production. Understanding how cyanobacterial toxins are distributed across eutrophic lakes may shed light onto the ecological function of these metabolites, provide valuable information for their remediation and removal, and aid in the protection of public health.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/2/62microcystin anabaenopeptin cyanopeptolin nodularin microginin anatoxin cylindrospermopsin saxitoxin |
| spellingShingle | Lucas J. Beversdorf Chelsea A. Weirich Sarah L. Bartlett Todd. R. Miller Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics Toxins microcystin anabaenopeptin cyanopeptolin nodularin microginin anatoxin cylindrospermopsin saxitoxin |
| title | Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics |
| title_full | Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics |
| title_fullStr | Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics |
| title_short | Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing Physiochemical Characteristics |
| title_sort | variable cyanobacterial toxin and metabolite profiles across six eutrophic lakes of differing physiochemical characteristics |
| topic | microcystin anabaenopeptin cyanopeptolin nodularin microginin anatoxin cylindrospermopsin saxitoxin |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/2/62 |
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