Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations
Herein, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized from altered basalt were used to develop a composite with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>–activated bentonite (BE) and fibrous sawdust (SD). The as-prepared BE/SD–MNPs were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, and Zeta pot...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| author | Mohamed A. Barakat Rajeev Kumar Riyadh F. Halawani Bandar A. Al-Mur Moaaz K. Seliem |
| author_facet | Mohamed A. Barakat Rajeev Kumar Riyadh F. Halawani Bandar A. Al-Mur Moaaz K. Seliem |
| author_sort | Mohamed A. Barakat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Herein, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized from altered basalt were used to develop a composite with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>–activated bentonite (BE) and fibrous sawdust (SD). The as-prepared BE/SD–MNPs were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, and Zeta potential techniques and utilized as an effective multifunctional composite for removing methylene blue (MB). The adsorption isotherms of MB at 25–55 °C were analyzed via kinetics, classical, and advanced statistical physics models. Theoretically, the pseudo-second-order of kinetics and the Freundlich isotherms model fit the experimental data well without microscopically clarifying the adsorption mechanism. Studying a multilayer model’s steric and energetic parameters was a reliable approach to understanding the MB uptake mechanism at the molecular scale. Sterically, the removed MB molecules offered a combination of horizontal and vertical geometry (i.e., mixed orientation). The MB adsorption capacity at saturation (<i>Q<sub>sat</sub></i>) increased from 829 to 849 mg/g with temperature, suggesting endothermic interactions. Energetically, the MB uptake by BE/SD–MNPs was controlled by physical interactions (i.e., adsorption energy < 20 kJ/mol). The BE/SD–MNPs retained more than 85% of the MB uptake after five adsorption-desorption rounds. Overall, this study aimed to understand the MB adsorption mechanism using a magnetic clays/lignocellulosic interface such as the utilized BE/SD–MNPs composite as a promising strategy in wastewater remediation. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:33:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-655cd96b4e0641b6a848bd034afca1f12023-11-24T07:20:20ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-11-011421349110.3390/w14213491Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical CalculationsMohamed A. Barakat0Rajeev Kumar1Riyadh F. Halawani2Bandar A. Al-Mur3Moaaz K. Seliem4Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Earth Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptHerein, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized from altered basalt were used to develop a composite with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>–activated bentonite (BE) and fibrous sawdust (SD). The as-prepared BE/SD–MNPs were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, and Zeta potential techniques and utilized as an effective multifunctional composite for removing methylene blue (MB). The adsorption isotherms of MB at 25–55 °C were analyzed via kinetics, classical, and advanced statistical physics models. Theoretically, the pseudo-second-order of kinetics and the Freundlich isotherms model fit the experimental data well without microscopically clarifying the adsorption mechanism. Studying a multilayer model’s steric and energetic parameters was a reliable approach to understanding the MB uptake mechanism at the molecular scale. Sterically, the removed MB molecules offered a combination of horizontal and vertical geometry (i.e., mixed orientation). The MB adsorption capacity at saturation (<i>Q<sub>sat</sub></i>) increased from 829 to 849 mg/g with temperature, suggesting endothermic interactions. Energetically, the MB uptake by BE/SD–MNPs was controlled by physical interactions (i.e., adsorption energy < 20 kJ/mol). The BE/SD–MNPs retained more than 85% of the MB uptake after five adsorption-desorption rounds. Overall, this study aimed to understand the MB adsorption mechanism using a magnetic clays/lignocellulosic interface such as the utilized BE/SD–MNPs composite as a promising strategy in wastewater remediation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3491bentonitesawdustmagnetic nanoparticlesmethylene bluekineticsequilibrium |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed A. Barakat Rajeev Kumar Riyadh F. Halawani Bandar A. Al-Mur Moaaz K. Seliem Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations Water bentonite sawdust magnetic nanoparticles methylene blue kinetics equilibrium |
| title | Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations |
| title_full | Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations |
| title_fullStr | Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations |
| title_short | Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles Loaded Bentonite/Sawdust Interface for the Removal of Methylene Blue: Insights into Adsorption Performance and Mechanism via Experiments and Theoretical Calculations |
| title_sort | fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub nanoparticles loaded bentonite sawdust interface for the removal of methylene blue insights into adsorption performance and mechanism via experiments and theoretical calculations |
| topic | bentonite sawdust magnetic nanoparticles methylene blue kinetics equilibrium |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3491 |
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