A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)</i> is a bacterial species often associated with the occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP refers to a specific kind of pneumonia that occurs in individuals who acquire the infection outside of a healthcare setting. It represent...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/1927 |
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| author | Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Jawaher Alotaibi Shayea A. Alqahtani Mohammed Y. Halawi Ibrahim Ateeq Alamri Mohammed S. Almogbel Amal H. Alfaraj Fatimah Al Ibrahim Manar Almaghaslah Mohammed Alissa Chan Yean Yean |
| author_facet | Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Jawaher Alotaibi Shayea A. Alqahtani Mohammed Y. Halawi Ibrahim Ateeq Alamri Mohammed S. Almogbel Amal H. Alfaraj Fatimah Al Ibrahim Manar Almaghaslah Mohammed Alissa Chan Yean Yean |
| author_sort | Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)</i> is a bacterial species often associated with the occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP refers to a specific kind of pneumonia that occurs in individuals who acquire the infection outside of a healthcare setting. It represents the leading cause of both death and morbidity on a global scale. Moreover, the declaration of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> as one of the 12 leading pathogens was made by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. Antibiotics like <i>β</i>-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the primary classes of antimicrobial medicines used for the treatment of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> infections. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these antibiotics is diminishing as a result of the establishment of resistance in <i>S. pneumoniae</i> against these antimicrobial agents. In 2019, the WHO declared that antibiotic resistance was among the top 10 hazards to worldwide health. It is believed that penicillin-binding protein genetic alteration causes <i>β</i>-lactam antibiotic resistance. Ribosomal target site alterations and active efflux pumps cause macrolide resistance. Numerous factors, including the accumulation of mutations, enhanced efflux mechanisms, and plasmid gene acquisition, cause fluoroquinolone resistance. Furthermore, despite the advancements in pneumococcal vaccinations and artificial intelligence (AI), it is not feasible for individuals to rely on them indefinitely. The ongoing development of AI for combating antimicrobial resistance necessitates more research and development efforts. A few strategies can be performed to curb this resistance issue, including providing educational initiatives and guidelines, conducting surveillance, and establishing new antibiotics targeting another part of the bacteria. Hence, understanding the resistance mechanism of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> may aid researchers in developing a more efficacious antibiotic in future endeavors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:38:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65648ddcc7a445e8aa6fd8ce14e33424 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:38:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-65648ddcc7a445e8aa6fd8ce14e334242023-11-24T14:54:42ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-10-015911192710.3390/medicina59111927A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari0Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman1Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola2Naveed Ahmed3Ali A. Rabaan4Jawaher Alotaibi5Shayea A. Alqahtani6Mohammed Y. Halawi7Ibrahim Ateeq Alamri8Mohammed S. Almogbel9Amal H. Alfaraj10Fatimah Al Ibrahim11Manar Almaghaslah12Mohammed Alissa13Chan Yean Yean14Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaMolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Department, Erhadh Hospital, Dammam 32434, Saudi ArabiaCytogenetics Department, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi ArabiaBlood Bank Department, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 4030, Saudi ArabiaPediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)</i> is a bacterial species often associated with the occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP refers to a specific kind of pneumonia that occurs in individuals who acquire the infection outside of a healthcare setting. It represents the leading cause of both death and morbidity on a global scale. Moreover, the declaration of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> as one of the 12 leading pathogens was made by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. Antibiotics like <i>β</i>-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the primary classes of antimicrobial medicines used for the treatment of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> infections. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these antibiotics is diminishing as a result of the establishment of resistance in <i>S. pneumoniae</i> against these antimicrobial agents. In 2019, the WHO declared that antibiotic resistance was among the top 10 hazards to worldwide health. It is believed that penicillin-binding protein genetic alteration causes <i>β</i>-lactam antibiotic resistance. Ribosomal target site alterations and active efflux pumps cause macrolide resistance. Numerous factors, including the accumulation of mutations, enhanced efflux mechanisms, and plasmid gene acquisition, cause fluoroquinolone resistance. Furthermore, despite the advancements in pneumococcal vaccinations and artificial intelligence (AI), it is not feasible for individuals to rely on them indefinitely. The ongoing development of AI for combating antimicrobial resistance necessitates more research and development efforts. A few strategies can be performed to curb this resistance issue, including providing educational initiatives and guidelines, conducting surveillance, and establishing new antibiotics targeting another part of the bacteria. Hence, understanding the resistance mechanism of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> may aid researchers in developing a more efficacious antibiotic in future endeavors.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/1927bacterial infectionscommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP)antimicrobial resistancefluoroquinolonesAMR |
| spellingShingle | Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Jawaher Alotaibi Shayea A. Alqahtani Mohammed Y. Halawi Ibrahim Ateeq Alamri Mohammed S. Almogbel Amal H. Alfaraj Fatimah Al Ibrahim Manar Almaghaslah Mohammed Alissa Chan Yean Yean A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Medicina bacterial infections community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) antimicrobial resistance fluoroquinolones AMR |
| title | A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> |
| title_full | A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> |
| title_fullStr | A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> |
| title_short | A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for <i>β</i>-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> |
| title_sort | review of the resistance mechanisms for i β i lactams macrolides and fluoroquinolones among i streptococcus pneumoniae i |
| topic | bacterial infections community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) antimicrobial resistance fluoroquinolones AMR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/1927 |
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