An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process
The ground surface soil heat flux (<i>G</i><sub>0</sub>) is very important to simulate the changes of frozen ground and the active layer thickness; in addition, the freeze-thaw cycle will also affect <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). As...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/501 |
| _version_ | 1798018523378745344 |
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| author | Cheng Yang Tonghua Wu Jimin Yao Ren Li Changwei Xie Guojie Hu Xiaofan Zhu Yinghui Zhang Jie Ni Junming Hao Xiangfei Li Wensi Ma Amin Wen |
| author_facet | Cheng Yang Tonghua Wu Jimin Yao Ren Li Changwei Xie Guojie Hu Xiaofan Zhu Yinghui Zhang Jie Ni Junming Hao Xiangfei Li Wensi Ma Amin Wen |
| author_sort | Cheng Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ground surface soil heat flux (<i>G</i><sub>0</sub>) is very important to simulate the changes of frozen ground and the active layer thickness; in addition, the freeze-thaw cycle will also affect <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). As <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> could not be measured directly and soil heat flux is difficult to be observed on the TP in situ due to its high altitude and cold environment, most of previous studies have directly applied existing remote sensing-based models to estimate <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> without assessing whether the selected model is the best one of those models for those study regions. We use in-situ observation data collected at 12 sites combined with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data (MOD13Q1, MODLT1D, MOD09CMG, and MCD15A2H) and the China meteorological forcing dataset (CMFD-SRad and CMFD-LRad) to validate the main models during the freeze-thaw process. The results show that during the three stages (complete freezing (CF), daily freeze-thaw cycle (DFT), and complete thawing (CT)) of the freeze-thaw cycle, the root mean square error (<i>RMSE</i>) between the models' G<sub>0</sub> simulated value and the corresponding G<sub>0</sub> "measured value" is the largest in the CT phase and smallest in the CF phase. The simulated results of the second group schemes (SEBAL, Ma, SEBAL<sub>adj</sub>, and Ma<sub>adj</sub>) were slightly underestimated, more stable, and closer to the measured values than the first group schemes (Choudhury, Clawson, SEBS, Choudhury<sub>adj</sub>, Clawson<sub>adj</sub>, and SEBS<sub>adj</sub>). The Ma<sub>adj</sub> scheme is the one with the smallest <i>RMSE</i> among all the schemes and could be directly applied across the entire TP. Then, four possible reasons leading to the errors of the main schemes were analyzed. The soil moisture affecting the ratio <i>G</i><sub>0</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>n</sub> and the phase shift between <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> and net radiation <i>R</i><sub>n</sub> are not considered in the schemes directly; the scheme cannot completely and correctly capture the direction of <i>G</i><sub>0</sub>; and the input data of the schemes to estimate the regional <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> maybe bring some errors into the simulated results. The results are expected to provide a basis for selecting remote sensing-based models to simulate <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> in frozen ground dynamics and to calculate evapotranspiration on the TP during the freeze-thaw process. The scheme Ma<sub>adj</sub> suitable for the TP was also offered in the study. We proposed several improvement directions of remote sensing-based models in order to enhance understanding of the energy exchange between the ground surface and the atmosphere. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:25:42Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:25:42Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-6571e16bbaba4cdb8fce8ed64068b2782022-12-22T04:14:11ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-02-0112350110.3390/rs12030501rs12030501An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw ProcessCheng Yang0Tonghua Wu1Jimin Yao2Ren Li3Changwei Xie4Guojie Hu5Xiaofan Zhu6Yinghui Zhang7Jie Ni8Junming Hao9Xiangfei Li10Wensi Ma11Amin Wen12Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaThe ground surface soil heat flux (<i>G</i><sub>0</sub>) is very important to simulate the changes of frozen ground and the active layer thickness; in addition, the freeze-thaw cycle will also affect <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). As <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> could not be measured directly and soil heat flux is difficult to be observed on the TP in situ due to its high altitude and cold environment, most of previous studies have directly applied existing remote sensing-based models to estimate <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> without assessing whether the selected model is the best one of those models for those study regions. We use in-situ observation data collected at 12 sites combined with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data (MOD13Q1, MODLT1D, MOD09CMG, and MCD15A2H) and the China meteorological forcing dataset (CMFD-SRad and CMFD-LRad) to validate the main models during the freeze-thaw process. The results show that during the three stages (complete freezing (CF), daily freeze-thaw cycle (DFT), and complete thawing (CT)) of the freeze-thaw cycle, the root mean square error (<i>RMSE</i>) between the models' G<sub>0</sub> simulated value and the corresponding G<sub>0</sub> "measured value" is the largest in the CT phase and smallest in the CF phase. The simulated results of the second group schemes (SEBAL, Ma, SEBAL<sub>adj</sub>, and Ma<sub>adj</sub>) were slightly underestimated, more stable, and closer to the measured values than the first group schemes (Choudhury, Clawson, SEBS, Choudhury<sub>adj</sub>, Clawson<sub>adj</sub>, and SEBS<sub>adj</sub>). The Ma<sub>adj</sub> scheme is the one with the smallest <i>RMSE</i> among all the schemes and could be directly applied across the entire TP. Then, four possible reasons leading to the errors of the main schemes were analyzed. The soil moisture affecting the ratio <i>G</i><sub>0</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>n</sub> and the phase shift between <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> and net radiation <i>R</i><sub>n</sub> are not considered in the schemes directly; the scheme cannot completely and correctly capture the direction of <i>G</i><sub>0</sub>; and the input data of the schemes to estimate the regional <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> maybe bring some errors into the simulated results. The results are expected to provide a basis for selecting remote sensing-based models to simulate <i>G</i><sub>0</sub> in frozen ground dynamics and to calculate evapotranspiration on the TP during the freeze-thaw process. The scheme Ma<sub>adj</sub> suitable for the TP was also offered in the study. We proposed several improvement directions of remote sensing-based models in order to enhance understanding of the energy exchange between the ground surface and the atmosphere.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/501ground surface soil heat fluxtibetan plateauthe freezing-thawing processremote sensing-based models |
| spellingShingle | Cheng Yang Tonghua Wu Jimin Yao Ren Li Changwei Xie Guojie Hu Xiaofan Zhu Yinghui Zhang Jie Ni Junming Hao Xiangfei Li Wensi Ma Amin Wen An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process Remote Sensing ground surface soil heat flux tibetan plateau the freezing-thawing process remote sensing-based models |
| title | An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process |
| title_full | An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process |
| title_fullStr | An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process |
| title_short | An Assessment of Using Remote Sensing-based Models to Estimate Ground Surface Soil Heat Flux on the Tibetan Plateau during the Freeze-thaw Process |
| title_sort | assessment of using remote sensing based models to estimate ground surface soil heat flux on the tibetan plateau during the freeze thaw process |
| topic | ground surface soil heat flux tibetan plateau the freezing-thawing process remote sensing-based models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/501 |
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