Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa)
Tropical soils typically have low cation exchange capacity and nutrient contents. Both are enhanced by soil organic matter (SOM), which is thus particularly important for the fertility of these soils. In this study, we assessed the influence of urbanization on SOM, carbonate contents and pH of arabl...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00119/full |
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| author | Stephen Boahen Asabere Thorsten Zeppenfeld Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Daniela Sauer |
| author_facet | Stephen Boahen Asabere Thorsten Zeppenfeld Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Daniela Sauer |
| author_sort | Stephen Boahen Asabere |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tropical soils typically have low cation exchange capacity and nutrient contents. Both are enhanced by soil organic matter (SOM), which is thus particularly important for the fertility of these soils. In this study, we assessed the influence of urbanization on SOM, carbonate contents and pH of arable soils of Kumasi (Ghana, West Africa), since rapid urban sprawl is widespread in West Africa, whereby in many West African cities urban farming is pivotal to the food security of their population. Based on satellite imagery for the year 1986, we defined long-term and short-term urban arable soils, whereby long-term urban soils were urban already in 1986 (thus ≥30 years, as soil sampling took place in 2016), and short-term urban soils became urban afterwards (<30 years). We took 618 undisturbed topsoil samples (0–10 cm) from 206 urban arable fields. The factors land-use (maize fields) and soil (Ferric Acrisols) were kept largely constant. The fine-earth was analyzed for pH (water), carbonate contents, loss on ignition (LOI), total C (TC) and N (TN). SOM contents were obtained from LOI (SOMLOI). All element contents were transformed to bulk soil element stocks per m2. Differences between short-term and long-term urban soils were identified by a set of linear mixed models. Coarse fragments were more abundant in the long-term (16%) compared to the short-term (10%) urban soils, because of solid municipal waste that accumulates over time in urban soils. TC and SOMLOI concentrations of the fine earth, pH and C/N ratios were all significantly higher in the long-term urban soils. SOC concentrations in the fine earth, as well as bulk soil stocks of TC, SOC, and SOMLOI were also higher in the long-term urban soils, but at a lower degree of confidence, due to variable bulk densities and contents of coarse fragments. We conclude that dumping of organic and inorganic waste (including ash, bones, egg shells, concrete and mortar) increases SOM stocks and soil pH, but also leads to accumulation of non-degradable solid materials (including plastic, metals etc.). These findings point to the need of an improved urban waste management system, separating degradable and non-degradable waste. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T10:35:55Z |
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| id | doaj.art-65739bba52a045429832a894ae109213 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T10:35:55Z |
| publishDate | 2018-10-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-65739bba52a045429832a894ae1092132022-12-21T18:29:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2018-10-01610.3389/fenvs.2018.00119394877Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa)Stephen Boahen Asabere0Thorsten Zeppenfeld1Kwabena Abrefa Nketia2Kwabena Abrefa Nketia3Daniela Sauer4Department of Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, GermanyCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, GhanaDepartment of Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, GermanyTropical soils typically have low cation exchange capacity and nutrient contents. Both are enhanced by soil organic matter (SOM), which is thus particularly important for the fertility of these soils. In this study, we assessed the influence of urbanization on SOM, carbonate contents and pH of arable soils of Kumasi (Ghana, West Africa), since rapid urban sprawl is widespread in West Africa, whereby in many West African cities urban farming is pivotal to the food security of their population. Based on satellite imagery for the year 1986, we defined long-term and short-term urban arable soils, whereby long-term urban soils were urban already in 1986 (thus ≥30 years, as soil sampling took place in 2016), and short-term urban soils became urban afterwards (<30 years). We took 618 undisturbed topsoil samples (0–10 cm) from 206 urban arable fields. The factors land-use (maize fields) and soil (Ferric Acrisols) were kept largely constant. The fine-earth was analyzed for pH (water), carbonate contents, loss on ignition (LOI), total C (TC) and N (TN). SOM contents were obtained from LOI (SOMLOI). All element contents were transformed to bulk soil element stocks per m2. Differences between short-term and long-term urban soils were identified by a set of linear mixed models. Coarse fragments were more abundant in the long-term (16%) compared to the short-term (10%) urban soils, because of solid municipal waste that accumulates over time in urban soils. TC and SOMLOI concentrations of the fine earth, pH and C/N ratios were all significantly higher in the long-term urban soils. SOC concentrations in the fine earth, as well as bulk soil stocks of TC, SOC, and SOMLOI were also higher in the long-term urban soils, but at a lower degree of confidence, due to variable bulk densities and contents of coarse fragments. We conclude that dumping of organic and inorganic waste (including ash, bones, egg shells, concrete and mortar) increases SOM stocks and soil pH, but also leads to accumulation of non-degradable solid materials (including plastic, metals etc.). These findings point to the need of an improved urban waste management system, separating degradable and non-degradable waste.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00119/fullurbanizationGhanaWest Africatropical soilsurban farmingsoil organic matter |
| spellingShingle | Stephen Boahen Asabere Thorsten Zeppenfeld Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Kwabena Abrefa Nketia Daniela Sauer Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) Frontiers in Environmental Science urbanization Ghana West Africa tropical soils urban farming soil organic matter |
| title | Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) |
| title_full | Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) |
| title_fullStr | Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) |
| title_short | Urbanization Leads to Increases in pH, Carbonate, and Soil Organic Matter Stocks of Arable Soils of Kumasi, Ghana (West Africa) |
| title_sort | urbanization leads to increases in ph carbonate and soil organic matter stocks of arable soils of kumasi ghana west africa |
| topic | urbanization Ghana West Africa tropical soils urban farming soil organic matter |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00119/full |
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