Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering
The first hyperpolarizability of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) suspended in water was determined using the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the HRS technique to characterize GQDs. Two commercial GQDs (Acqua-Cyan and Acqua-Green)...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7376 |
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| author | Manoel L. Silva-Neto Renato Barbosa-Silva Georges Boudebs Cid B. de Araújo |
| author_facet | Manoel L. Silva-Neto Renato Barbosa-Silva Georges Boudebs Cid B. de Araújo |
| author_sort | Manoel L. Silva-Neto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The first hyperpolarizability of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) suspended in water was determined using the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the HRS technique to characterize GQDs. Two commercial GQDs (Acqua-Cyan and Acqua-Green) with different compositions were studied. The HRS experiments were performed with an excitation laser at 1064 nm. The measured hyperpolarizabilities were <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1.0</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.9</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Acqua-Cyan and Acqua-Green, respectively. The results were used to estimate the hyperpolarizability per nanosheet obtained by assuming that each GQD has five nanosheets with 0.3 nm thickness. The two-level model, used to calculate the static hyperpolarizability per nanosheet, provides values of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2.4</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mo> </mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>(Acqua-Cyan) and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.5</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mo> </mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>(Aqua-Green). The origin of the nonlinearity is discussed on the basis of polarized resolved HRS experiments, and electric quadrupolar behavior with a strong dependence on surface effects. The nontoxic characteristics and order of magnitude indicate that these GQDs may be useful for biological microscopy imaging. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:47:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-657d15ef29134640afa9165635b94ba0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:47:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-657d15ef29134640afa9165635b94ba02023-12-08T15:20:57ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-11-011623737610.3390/ma16237376Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh ScatteringManoel L. Silva-Neto0Renato Barbosa-Silva1Georges Boudebs2Cid B. de Araújo3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, BrazilDepartamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, BrazilUniv Angers, LPHIA, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, FranceDepartamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, BrazilThe first hyperpolarizability of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) suspended in water was determined using the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the HRS technique to characterize GQDs. Two commercial GQDs (Acqua-Cyan and Acqua-Green) with different compositions were studied. The HRS experiments were performed with an excitation laser at 1064 nm. The measured hyperpolarizabilities were <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1.0</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.9</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Acqua-Cyan and Acqua-Green, respectively. The results were used to estimate the hyperpolarizability per nanosheet obtained by assuming that each GQD has five nanosheets with 0.3 nm thickness. The two-level model, used to calculate the static hyperpolarizability per nanosheet, provides values of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2.4</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mo> </mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>(Acqua-Cyan) and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0.5</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>28</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mo> </mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>(Aqua-Green). The origin of the nonlinearity is discussed on the basis of polarized resolved HRS experiments, and electric quadrupolar behavior with a strong dependence on surface effects. The nontoxic characteristics and order of magnitude indicate that these GQDs may be useful for biological microscopy imaging.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7376hyper-Rayleigh scatteringgraphene quantum dotssecond-harmonic generation |
| spellingShingle | Manoel L. Silva-Neto Renato Barbosa-Silva Georges Boudebs Cid B. de Araújo Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Materials hyper-Rayleigh scattering graphene quantum dots second-harmonic generation |
| title | Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering |
| title_full | Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering |
| title_fullStr | Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering |
| title_short | Second-Order Nonlinearity of Graphene Quantum Dots Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering |
| title_sort | second order nonlinearity of graphene quantum dots measured by hyper rayleigh scattering |
| topic | hyper-Rayleigh scattering graphene quantum dots second-harmonic generation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7376 |
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