Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia
Although Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a worldwide threat, local AMR databases do not exist. Unlike other health disasters, developing containment strategies for AMR cannot be started without a representative, local, updated AMR data. However, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping techn...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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PAGEPress Publications
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Geospatial Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/view/868 |
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| author | Abdullah A. Alhifany Abdullah F. Alqurashi Mohamed H. Al-Agamy Nasser Alkhushaym Faten Alhomoud Farah K. Alhomoud Thamer A. Almangour |
| author_facet | Abdullah A. Alhifany Abdullah F. Alqurashi Mohamed H. Al-Agamy Nasser Alkhushaym Faten Alhomoud Farah K. Alhomoud Thamer A. Almangour |
| author_sort | Abdullah A. Alhifany |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a worldwide threat, local AMR databases do not exist. Unlike other health disasters, developing containment strategies for AMR cannot be started without a representative, local, updated AMR data. However, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping technology is capable of visualizing AMR data integrated with geographical regions. Due to the absence of AMR databases in Saudi Arabia, we searched Medline and Embase databases from inception until May 28, 2018, including literature that reported AMR data on the most prevalent gram-negative bacterial strains in Saudi Arabia. These data were extracted into Microsoft Excel file and inserted into STATA software, version 13 and ArcMap 10.6 software platform for mapping. We found particularly high levels of AMR in Makkah (Mecca), possibly due to high antibiotic consumption because of the influx of pilgrims, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showing the highest resistance rate against amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprolfloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem and pipracillin/tazobactam, and Enterobacteriaceae isolates against cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, imipenem and ertapenem. The cause is, however, multifactorial since Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed a variable resistance rate throughout the country. The employment of mapping technology in displaying AMR data extracted from published literature is a practically useful approach, and advanced GIS analyses should help stakeholders create containment strategies and allocate resources to slow down the emergence of AMR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T19:13:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65889969a936486a966123bc38cef92a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1827-1987 1970-7096 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T19:13:03Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | PAGEPress Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geospatial Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-65889969a936486a966123bc38cef92a2022-12-21T20:56:12ZengPAGEPress PublicationsGeospatial Health1827-19871970-70962020-06-0115110.4081/gh.2020.868Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi ArabiaAbdullah A. Alhifany0Abdullah F. Alqurashi1Mohamed H. Al-Agamy2Nasser Alkhushaym3Faten Alhomoud4Farah K. Alhomoud5Thamer A. Almangour6Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, MakkahDepartment of Geography, Umm Al-Qura University, MakkahMicrobiology and Immunology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, RiyadhDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy; Royal Commission Health Services Program; JubailPharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, DammamPharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, DammamDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, RiyadhAlthough Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a worldwide threat, local AMR databases do not exist. Unlike other health disasters, developing containment strategies for AMR cannot be started without a representative, local, updated AMR data. However, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping technology is capable of visualizing AMR data integrated with geographical regions. Due to the absence of AMR databases in Saudi Arabia, we searched Medline and Embase databases from inception until May 28, 2018, including literature that reported AMR data on the most prevalent gram-negative bacterial strains in Saudi Arabia. These data were extracted into Microsoft Excel file and inserted into STATA software, version 13 and ArcMap 10.6 software platform for mapping. We found particularly high levels of AMR in Makkah (Mecca), possibly due to high antibiotic consumption because of the influx of pilgrims, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showing the highest resistance rate against amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprolfloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem and pipracillin/tazobactam, and Enterobacteriaceae isolates against cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, imipenem and ertapenem. The cause is, however, multifactorial since Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed a variable resistance rate throughout the country. The employment of mapping technology in displaying AMR data extracted from published literature is a practically useful approach, and advanced GIS analyses should help stakeholders create containment strategies and allocate resources to slow down the emergence of AMR.https://www.geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/view/868Antimicrobial resistanceGeographical information systemEnterobacteriaceaePseudomonas aeruginosaAcinetobacter baumanniiSaudi Arabia |
| spellingShingle | Abdullah A. Alhifany Abdullah F. Alqurashi Mohamed H. Al-Agamy Nasser Alkhushaym Faten Alhomoud Farah K. Alhomoud Thamer A. Almangour Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia Geospatial Health Antimicrobial resistance Geographical information system Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii Saudi Arabia |
| title | Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia |
| title_full | Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia |
| title_fullStr | Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia |
| title_short | Employment of Mapping Technology in Antimicrobial Resistance Reporting in Saudi Arabia |
| title_sort | employment of mapping technology in antimicrobial resistance reporting in saudi arabia |
| topic | Antimicrobial resistance Geographical information system Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii Saudi Arabia |
| url | https://www.geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/view/868 |
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