Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation
The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Ve...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/7/1042 |
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| author | Maria Stefania Carmeli Nicola Toscani Marco Mauri |
| author_facet | Maria Stefania Carmeli Nicola Toscani Marco Mauri |
| author_sort | Maria Stefania Carmeli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services can be carried out depending on the particular installation and on the connection to the distribution grid of the considered recharging station. Even if these are interesting and challenging opportunities, the additional charging/discharging cycles necessary to provide these services could decrease the expected life of EV batteries. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to study and develop reliable models of the batteries, which take the aging phenomena affecting the reliability of the Li-ion cells into account to evaluate the best charging/discharging strategy and the economic revenues. To this aim, this paper focuses on a battery pack made up with Li-ion nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cells and proposes a semiempirical Electrothermal Aging Model, which accounts for both calendar and cycle aging. This modeling phase is supported by several experimental data recorded for many charge and discharge cycles at different C-rates and for several temperatures. Thus, it is possible to analyze and compare scenarios considering V2G services or not. Results show that the considered battery is subjected to a life reduction of about 2 years, which is a consequence of the increased Ah charge throughput, which moves from 120,000 Ah over 10 years (scenario without V2G services) to almost 230,000 Ah over 8 years (scenario with V2G services). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:58:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-658d84e49a084c799a22cd613c1f8a65 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:58:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-658d84e49a084c799a22cd613c1f8a652023-11-30T23:06:35ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922022-03-01117104210.3390/electronics11071042Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services EvaluationMaria Stefania Carmeli0Nicola Toscani1Marco Mauri2DEIB Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, ItalyDMECC Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, ItalyDMECC Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, ItalyThe growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services can be carried out depending on the particular installation and on the connection to the distribution grid of the considered recharging station. Even if these are interesting and challenging opportunities, the additional charging/discharging cycles necessary to provide these services could decrease the expected life of EV batteries. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to study and develop reliable models of the batteries, which take the aging phenomena affecting the reliability of the Li-ion cells into account to evaluate the best charging/discharging strategy and the economic revenues. To this aim, this paper focuses on a battery pack made up with Li-ion nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cells and proposes a semiempirical Electrothermal Aging Model, which accounts for both calendar and cycle aging. This modeling phase is supported by several experimental data recorded for many charge and discharge cycles at different C-rates and for several temperatures. Thus, it is possible to analyze and compare scenarios considering V2G services or not. Results show that the considered battery is subjected to a life reduction of about 2 years, which is a consequence of the increased Ah charge throughput, which moves from 120,000 Ah over 10 years (scenario without V2G services) to almost 230,000 Ah over 8 years (scenario with V2G services).https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/7/1042electrical vehiclesvehicle to gridaging modelLi-ion NMC batteries |
| spellingShingle | Maria Stefania Carmeli Nicola Toscani Marco Mauri Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation Electronics electrical vehicles vehicle to grid aging model Li-ion NMC batteries |
| title | Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation |
| title_full | Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation |
| title_short | Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation |
| title_sort | electrothermal aging model of li ion batteries for vehicle to grid services evaluation |
| topic | electrical vehicles vehicle to grid aging model Li-ion NMC batteries |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/7/1042 |
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