Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture
Rapid urbanization is one of the key factors that leads to defragmentation and the shrinking of agricultural land. It further leads to the generation of an ample amount of municipal waste. Several technologies have emerged in the past for its utilization, and in this regard, composting is one of the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/2/228 |
| _version_ | 1797436400030711808 |
|---|---|
| author | Pallavi Bhardwaj Rajesh Kumar Sharma Abhishek Chauhan Anuj Ranjan Vishnu D. Rajput Tatiana Minkina Saglara S. Mandzhieva Usha Mina Shikha Wadhwa Prakash Bobde Ashutosh Tripathi |
| author_facet | Pallavi Bhardwaj Rajesh Kumar Sharma Abhishek Chauhan Anuj Ranjan Vishnu D. Rajput Tatiana Minkina Saglara S. Mandzhieva Usha Mina Shikha Wadhwa Prakash Bobde Ashutosh Tripathi |
| author_sort | Pallavi Bhardwaj |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rapid urbanization is one of the key factors that leads to defragmentation and the shrinking of agricultural land. It further leads to the generation of an ample amount of municipal waste. Several technologies have emerged in the past for its utilization, and in this regard, composting is one of the conventional approaches gaining popularity in modern agriculture. To overcome the possible criticality of intense urbanization, the concept of urban agriculture is taking shape. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) has been popularly explored for the soil amendments and nutritional requirements of crops. With this, the assessment of soil pollution (due to the heavy metals presently found in MSWC) is a required step for its safe application in agriculture. The present study aims at assessing the utilization of MSWC (in different ratios) to amend the soil and its impact on the growth and yield of brinjal (<i>Solanum melongena)</i>, tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum),</i> and okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus)</i>. The study also explored the uptake of heavy metals by plants and their risk to human consumption. The findings suggested that MSWC amendments upgraded the physio-chemical properties of soil, including organic matter (OM) and micronutrients, and increased the heavy metal concentrations in soil. Heavy metal analysis underlined the presence of several heavy metals both in soil and crops. Total metal concentration in soil increased with increased MSWC dosage. Concerning metal uptake by crop plants, 25% of MSWC was found to impart metal concentrations within permissible values in edible parts of crops. On the contrary, 50%, 75%, and 100% compost showed higher metal concentrations in the crops. A Health Risk Index (HRI) of less than 1 was found to be associated with soil amended with 25% MSWC. Our study implies that MSWC significantly improved the growth and yield of crops, and it can be considered an alternative to chemical fertilizer but only in a safer ratio (≤25%). However, further studies are required, especially on field conditions to validate the findings regarding metal accumulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:01:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65909f892df34982827532be335e263b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:01:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-65909f892df34982827532be335e263b2023-12-01T01:14:40ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-01-0115222810.3390/w15020228Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban AgriculturePallavi Bhardwaj0Rajesh Kumar Sharma1Abhishek Chauhan2Anuj Ranjan3Vishnu D. Rajput4Tatiana Minkina5Saglara S. Mandzhieva6Usha Mina7Shikha Wadhwa8Prakash Bobde9Ashutosh Tripathi10Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar 201301, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IndiaAmity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar 201301, IndiaAcademy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, RussiaAcademy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, RussiaAcademy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, RussiaDepartment of Integrated Monitoring and Information Technologies, Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ilishkina, 8, Elista 358000, RussiaSchool of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, Applied Science Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES University, Energy Acres, Bidholi Campus, Dehradun 248007, IndiaDepartment of Research & Development, UPES, Energy Acres, Bidholi Campus, Dehradun 248007, IndiaAmity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar 201301, IndiaRapid urbanization is one of the key factors that leads to defragmentation and the shrinking of agricultural land. It further leads to the generation of an ample amount of municipal waste. Several technologies have emerged in the past for its utilization, and in this regard, composting is one of the conventional approaches gaining popularity in modern agriculture. To overcome the possible criticality of intense urbanization, the concept of urban agriculture is taking shape. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) has been popularly explored for the soil amendments and nutritional requirements of crops. With this, the assessment of soil pollution (due to the heavy metals presently found in MSWC) is a required step for its safe application in agriculture. The present study aims at assessing the utilization of MSWC (in different ratios) to amend the soil and its impact on the growth and yield of brinjal (<i>Solanum melongena)</i>, tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum),</i> and okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus)</i>. The study also explored the uptake of heavy metals by plants and their risk to human consumption. The findings suggested that MSWC amendments upgraded the physio-chemical properties of soil, including organic matter (OM) and micronutrients, and increased the heavy metal concentrations in soil. Heavy metal analysis underlined the presence of several heavy metals both in soil and crops. Total metal concentration in soil increased with increased MSWC dosage. Concerning metal uptake by crop plants, 25% of MSWC was found to impart metal concentrations within permissible values in edible parts of crops. On the contrary, 50%, 75%, and 100% compost showed higher metal concentrations in the crops. A Health Risk Index (HRI) of less than 1 was found to be associated with soil amended with 25% MSWC. Our study implies that MSWC significantly improved the growth and yield of crops, and it can be considered an alternative to chemical fertilizer but only in a safer ratio (≤25%). However, further studies are required, especially on field conditions to validate the findings regarding metal accumulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/2/228urban compostpollutantskharif cropsoil pollutiontoxicityurban agriculture |
| spellingShingle | Pallavi Bhardwaj Rajesh Kumar Sharma Abhishek Chauhan Anuj Ranjan Vishnu D. Rajput Tatiana Minkina Saglara S. Mandzhieva Usha Mina Shikha Wadhwa Prakash Bobde Ashutosh Tripathi Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture Water urban compost pollutants kharif crop soil pollution toxicity urban agriculture |
| title | Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture |
| title_full | Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture |
| title_short | Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk of Vegetable Crops Grown on Soils Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Sustainable Urban Agriculture |
| title_sort | assessment of heavy metal distribution and health risk of vegetable crops grown on soils amended with municipal solid waste compost for sustainable urban agriculture |
| topic | urban compost pollutants kharif crop soil pollution toxicity urban agriculture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/2/228 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pallavibhardwaj assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT rajeshkumarsharma assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT abhishekchauhan assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT anujranjan assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT vishnudrajput assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT tatianaminkina assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT saglarasmandzhieva assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT ushamina assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT shikhawadhwa assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT prakashbobde assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture AT ashutoshtripathi assessmentofheavymetaldistributionandhealthriskofvegetablecropsgrownonsoilsamendedwithmunicipalsolidwastecompostforsustainableurbanagriculture |