Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses
A database of 479 glass formulations used to immobilize radioactive wastes for facilities in a safe and resilient infrastructure was analyzed, searching for underlying statistical patterns and associated glass performance features. The analyzed data cover many oxides, including SiO<sub>2</s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Infrastructures |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/7/9/120 |
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| author | Marcio Luis Ferreira Nascimento Daniel Roberto Cassar Riccardo Ciolini Susana de Oliveira Souza Francesco d’Errico |
| author_facet | Marcio Luis Ferreira Nascimento Daniel Roberto Cassar Riccardo Ciolini Susana de Oliveira Souza Francesco d’Errico |
| author_sort | Marcio Luis Ferreira Nascimento |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A database of 479 glass formulations used to immobilize radioactive wastes for facilities in a safe and resilient infrastructure was analyzed, searching for underlying statistical patterns and associated glass performance features. The analyzed data cover many oxides, including SiO<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>O, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and some fluorides. Borosilicates were the most common glasses (60.1%), while silicates were only 11.9%. In addition to these two families, five radioactive waste vitrification matrices were identified: Boroaluminosilicates, iron phosphates, aluminosilicates, sodium iron phosphates, and boroaluminates, totaling seven glass families. Almost all compositions (97.7%) contained sodium oxide, followed by silica (91.4%), iron (82.7%), boron (73.7%), phosphorus (54.9%), and cesium oxides (26.1%). Multivariate exploratory methods were applied to analyze and classify glass compositions using hierarchical and non-hierarchical (<i>K</i>-means) clusters and principal component analysis. Four main clusters were observed, the largest comprising 417 formulations containing mainly silicates, borosilicates, aluminosilicates, and boroaluminosilicates; two principal components, representing 73.75% of all compositions, emerge from these four clusters derived from a covariance analysis. The principal components and four clusters may be associated with the following glass features in terms of glass compositions: <i>liquidus</i> temperature, glass transition temperature, density, resistivity, microhardness, and viscosity. Some general underlying properties emerged from our classification and are discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65a078b24915484b9a88d842c6134c46 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2412-3811 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infrastructures |
| spelling | doaj.art-65a078b24915484b9a88d842c6134c462023-11-23T16:53:48ZengMDPI AGInfrastructures2412-38112022-09-017912010.3390/infrastructures7090120Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory AnalysesMarcio Luis Ferreira Nascimento0Daniel Roberto Cassar1Riccardo Ciolini2Susana de Oliveira Souza3Francesco d’Errico4Vitreous Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, R. Aristides Novis 2, Federação, Salvador 40210-630, Bahia, BrazilIlum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, Sao Paulo, BrazilSchool of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, ItalyCenter of Exact Sciences and Technology, Department of Physics, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd, Rosa Elze, São Cristovão 49100-000, Sergipe, BrazilSchool of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, ItalyA database of 479 glass formulations used to immobilize radioactive wastes for facilities in a safe and resilient infrastructure was analyzed, searching for underlying statistical patterns and associated glass performance features. The analyzed data cover many oxides, including SiO<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>O, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and some fluorides. Borosilicates were the most common glasses (60.1%), while silicates were only 11.9%. In addition to these two families, five radioactive waste vitrification matrices were identified: Boroaluminosilicates, iron phosphates, aluminosilicates, sodium iron phosphates, and boroaluminates, totaling seven glass families. Almost all compositions (97.7%) contained sodium oxide, followed by silica (91.4%), iron (82.7%), boron (73.7%), phosphorus (54.9%), and cesium oxides (26.1%). Multivariate exploratory methods were applied to analyze and classify glass compositions using hierarchical and non-hierarchical (<i>K</i>-means) clusters and principal component analysis. Four main clusters were observed, the largest comprising 417 formulations containing mainly silicates, borosilicates, aluminosilicates, and boroaluminosilicates; two principal components, representing 73.75% of all compositions, emerge from these four clusters derived from a covariance analysis. The principal components and four clusters may be associated with the following glass features in terms of glass compositions: <i>liquidus</i> temperature, glass transition temperature, density, resistivity, microhardness, and viscosity. Some general underlying properties emerged from our classification and are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/7/9/120waste radioactive glassvitrificationdendrogram<i>K</i>-meansprincipal component analysis |
| spellingShingle | Marcio Luis Ferreira Nascimento Daniel Roberto Cassar Riccardo Ciolini Susana de Oliveira Souza Francesco d’Errico Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses Infrastructures waste radioactive glass vitrification dendrogram <i>K</i>-means principal component analysis |
| title | Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses |
| title_full | Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses |
| title_fullStr | Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses |
| title_short | Radioactive Waste Immobilization Using Vitreous Materials for Facilities in a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Classified by Multivariate Exploratory Analyses |
| title_sort | radioactive waste immobilization using vitreous materials for facilities in a safe and resilient infrastructure classified by multivariate exploratory analyses |
| topic | waste radioactive glass vitrification dendrogram <i>K</i>-means principal component analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/7/9/120 |
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