Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-04-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/4/86 |
| _version_ | 1827718077909827584 |
|---|---|
| author | Efthalia Angelopoulou Yam Nath Paudel Chiara Villa Mohd. Farooq Shaikh Christina Piperi |
| author_facet | Efthalia Angelopoulou Yam Nath Paudel Chiara Villa Mohd. Farooq Shaikh Christina Piperi |
| author_sort | Efthalia Angelopoulou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis and biomarker potential, aiming to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:16:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65a3e3b2f7b147ef935afd0aae33f62d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:16:21Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-65a3e3b2f7b147ef935afd0aae33f62d2023-11-19T22:31:59ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372020-04-01948610.3390/biology9040086Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading PathologyEfthalia Angelopoulou0Yam Nath Paudel1Chiara Villa2Mohd. Farooq Shaikh3Christina Piperi4Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceNeuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, ItalyNeuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceParkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis and biomarker potential, aiming to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/4/86LAG3Parkinson’s diseaseα-synucleinneuroinflammationbiomarker |
| spellingShingle | Efthalia Angelopoulou Yam Nath Paudel Chiara Villa Mohd. Farooq Shaikh Christina Piperi Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology Biology LAG3 Parkinson’s disease α-synuclein neuroinflammation biomarker |
| title | Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology |
| title_full | Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology |
| title_fullStr | Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology |
| title_short | Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology |
| title_sort | lymphocyte activation gene 3 lag3 protein as a possible therapeutic target for parkinson s disease molecular mechanisms connecting neuroinflammation to α synuclein spreading pathology |
| topic | LAG3 Parkinson’s disease α-synuclein neuroinflammation biomarker |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/9/4/86 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT efthaliaangelopoulou lymphocyteactivationgene3lag3proteinasapossibletherapeutictargetforparkinsonsdiseasemolecularmechanismsconnectingneuroinflammationtoasynucleinspreadingpathology AT yamnathpaudel lymphocyteactivationgene3lag3proteinasapossibletherapeutictargetforparkinsonsdiseasemolecularmechanismsconnectingneuroinflammationtoasynucleinspreadingpathology AT chiaravilla lymphocyteactivationgene3lag3proteinasapossibletherapeutictargetforparkinsonsdiseasemolecularmechanismsconnectingneuroinflammationtoasynucleinspreadingpathology AT mohdfarooqshaikh lymphocyteactivationgene3lag3proteinasapossibletherapeutictargetforparkinsonsdiseasemolecularmechanismsconnectingneuroinflammationtoasynucleinspreadingpathology AT christinapiperi lymphocyteactivationgene3lag3proteinasapossibletherapeutictargetforparkinsonsdiseasemolecularmechanismsconnectingneuroinflammationtoasynucleinspreadingpathology |