Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management
This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/2/144 |
| _version_ | 1827604592582459392 |
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| author | Josep Peñuelas Josep Germain Enrique Álvarez Enric Aparicio Pere Arús Corina Basnou Cèsar Blanché Núria Bonada Puri Canals Marco Capodiferro Xavier Carceller Alexandre Casademunt Joan Casals Pere Casals Francesc Casañas Jordi Catalán Joan Checa Pedro J. Cordero Joaquim Corominas Adolf de Sostoa Josep-Maria Espelta Morral Marta Estrada Ramon Folch Teresa Franquesa Carla Garcia-Lozano Mercè Garí Anna Maria Geli Óscar González-Guerrero Javier Gordillo Joaquim Gosálbez Joan O. Grimalt Anna Guàrdia Rosó Isern Jordi Jordana Eva Junqué Josep Lascurain Jordi Lleonart Gustavo A. Llorente Francisco Lloret Josep Lloret Josep Maria Mallarach Javier Martín-Vide Rosa Maria Medir Yolanda Melero Josep Montasell Albert Montori Antoni Munné Oriol Nel·lo Santiago Palazón Marina Palmero Margarita Parés Joan Pino Josep Pintó Llorenç Planagumà Xavier Pons Narcís Prat Carme Puig Ignasi Puig Pere Puigdomènech Eudald Pujol-Buxó Núria Roca Jofre Rodrigo José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar Joan Romanyà Pere Rovira Llorenç Sàez Maria Teresa Sauras-Yera David Serrat Joan Simó Jordi Soler Jaume Terradas Ramon Vallejo Paloma Vicente Joan Manuel Vilaplana Dolors Vinyoles |
| author_facet | Josep Peñuelas Josep Germain Enrique Álvarez Enric Aparicio Pere Arús Corina Basnou Cèsar Blanché Núria Bonada Puri Canals Marco Capodiferro Xavier Carceller Alexandre Casademunt Joan Casals Pere Casals Francesc Casañas Jordi Catalán Joan Checa Pedro J. Cordero Joaquim Corominas Adolf de Sostoa Josep-Maria Espelta Morral Marta Estrada Ramon Folch Teresa Franquesa Carla Garcia-Lozano Mercè Garí Anna Maria Geli Óscar González-Guerrero Javier Gordillo Joaquim Gosálbez Joan O. Grimalt Anna Guàrdia Rosó Isern Jordi Jordana Eva Junqué Josep Lascurain Jordi Lleonart Gustavo A. Llorente Francisco Lloret Josep Lloret Josep Maria Mallarach Javier Martín-Vide Rosa Maria Medir Yolanda Melero Josep Montasell Albert Montori Antoni Munné Oriol Nel·lo Santiago Palazón Marina Palmero Margarita Parés Joan Pino Josep Pintó Llorenç Planagumà Xavier Pons Narcís Prat Carme Puig Ignasi Puig Pere Puigdomènech Eudald Pujol-Buxó Núria Roca Jofre Rodrigo José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar Joan Romanyà Pere Rovira Llorenç Sàez Maria Teresa Sauras-Yera David Serrat Joan Simó Jordi Soler Jaume Terradas Ramon Vallejo Paloma Vicente Joan Manuel Vilaplana Dolors Vinyoles |
| author_sort | Josep Peñuelas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Today’s problems with nature derive from the current economic model, which is environmentally unsustainable in that it does not take into account environmental impacts. Lastly, we propose a series of reasonable and feasible priority measures and actions related to each use made of the country’s natural resources, to the impacts they have had, and to their management, in the hope that these can contribute to improving the conservation and management of the environment and biodiversity and move towards sustainability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:03:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-65ddc0ecda374192b44a6aebdfd0b2f9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:03:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-65ddc0ecda374192b44a6aebdfd0b2f92023-12-03T12:06:24ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2021-02-0110214410.3390/land10020144Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable ManagementJosep Peñuelas0Josep Germain1Enrique Álvarez2Enric Aparicio3Pere Arús4Corina Basnou5Cèsar Blanché6Núria Bonada7Puri Canals8Marco Capodiferro9Xavier Carceller10Alexandre Casademunt11Joan Casals12Pere Casals13Francesc Casañas14Jordi Catalán15Joan Checa16Pedro J. Cordero17Joaquim Corominas18Adolf de Sostoa19 Josep-Maria Espelta Morral20Marta Estrada21Ramon Folch22Teresa Franquesa23Carla Garcia-Lozano24Mercè Garí25Anna Maria Geli26Óscar González-Guerrero27Javier Gordillo28Joaquim Gosálbez29Joan O. Grimalt30Anna Guàrdia31Rosó Isern32Jordi Jordana33Eva Junqué34Josep Lascurain35Jordi Lleonart36Gustavo A. Llorente37Francisco Lloret38Josep Lloret39Josep Maria Mallarach40Javier Martín-Vide41Rosa Maria Medir42Yolanda Melero43Josep Montasell44Albert Montori45Antoni Munné46Oriol Nel·lo47Santiago Palazón48Marina Palmero49Margarita Parés50Joan Pino51Josep Pintó52Llorenç Planagumà53Xavier Pons54Narcís Prat55Carme Puig56Ignasi Puig57Pere Puigdomènech58Eudald Pujol-Buxó59Núria Roca60Jofre Rodrigo61José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro62Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar63Joan Romanyà64Pere Rovira65Llorenç Sàez66Maria Teresa Sauras-Yera67David Serrat68Joan Simó69Jordi Soler70Jaume Terradas71Ramon Vallejo72Paloma Vicente73Joan Manuel Vilaplana74Dolors Vinyoles75Institut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitució Catalana d’Història Natural (ICHN), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Ecologia Aquàtica, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17003 Girona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, CSIC/IRTA/UAB/UB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainLaboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainConsultor Ambiental, 17800 Olot, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de l’Aigua (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainArchitect, 08009 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Ciència Política i de l’Administració, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainFundació Miquel Agustí/Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08201 Sabadell, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, SpainFundació Miquel Agustí/Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08201 Sabadell, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Geografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC/UCLM/JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Catalonia, SpainAssociació Congrés d’Energia de Catalunya, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainÀrea d’Ecologia Urbana, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 08012 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainLaboratori d’Anàlisi i Gestió del Paisatge, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17071 Girona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de l’Aigua (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Recerca Educativa, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Geografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainFacultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de l’Aigua (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainConsultora SGM, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Ecologia Aquàtica, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17003 Girona, Catalonia, SpainConsultor Ambiental, 17800 Olot, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Geografia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut de Recerca Educativa, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainFundació Agroterritori, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Control i Qualitat de les Aigües, Agència Catalana de l’Aigua (ACA), 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainServei de Fauna i Flora, Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainÀrea d’Ecologia Urbana, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 08012 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainLaboratori d’Anàlisi i Gestió del Paisatge, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17071 Girona, Catalonia, SpainCentre per a la Sostenibilitat Territorial (CST), 17178 Sant Privat d’en Bas, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Geografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya (ICGC), 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainFundació ENT, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainXarxa per a la Conservació de la Natura (XCN), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainLaboratori d’Anàlisi i Gestió del Paisatge, Universitat de Girona (UdG), 17071 Girona, Catalonia, SpainSecció de Sanitat Ambiental i Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Vegetal, Biologia Animal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 80193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainFundació Miquel Agustí/Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08201 Sabadell, Catalonia, SpainGeographer, 08860 Castelldefels, Catalonia, SpainInstitut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCentre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainFacultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDepartament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainThis paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Today’s problems with nature derive from the current economic model, which is environmentally unsustainable in that it does not take into account environmental impacts. Lastly, we propose a series of reasonable and feasible priority measures and actions related to each use made of the country’s natural resources, to the impacts they have had, and to their management, in the hope that these can contribute to improving the conservation and management of the environment and biodiversity and move towards sustainability.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/2/144natural resourcesecological footprintoverexploitationCataloniaEuropean countriesenvironmental research |
| spellingShingle | Josep Peñuelas Josep Germain Enrique Álvarez Enric Aparicio Pere Arús Corina Basnou Cèsar Blanché Núria Bonada Puri Canals Marco Capodiferro Xavier Carceller Alexandre Casademunt Joan Casals Pere Casals Francesc Casañas Jordi Catalán Joan Checa Pedro J. Cordero Joaquim Corominas Adolf de Sostoa Josep-Maria Espelta Morral Marta Estrada Ramon Folch Teresa Franquesa Carla Garcia-Lozano Mercè Garí Anna Maria Geli Óscar González-Guerrero Javier Gordillo Joaquim Gosálbez Joan O. Grimalt Anna Guàrdia Rosó Isern Jordi Jordana Eva Junqué Josep Lascurain Jordi Lleonart Gustavo A. Llorente Francisco Lloret Josep Lloret Josep Maria Mallarach Javier Martín-Vide Rosa Maria Medir Yolanda Melero Josep Montasell Albert Montori Antoni Munné Oriol Nel·lo Santiago Palazón Marina Palmero Margarita Parés Joan Pino Josep Pintó Llorenç Planagumà Xavier Pons Narcís Prat Carme Puig Ignasi Puig Pere Puigdomènech Eudald Pujol-Buxó Núria Roca Jofre Rodrigo José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar Joan Romanyà Pere Rovira Llorenç Sàez Maria Teresa Sauras-Yera David Serrat Joan Simó Jordi Soler Jaume Terradas Ramon Vallejo Paloma Vicente Joan Manuel Vilaplana Dolors Vinyoles Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management Land natural resources ecological footprint overexploitation Catalonia European countries environmental research |
| title | Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management |
| title_full | Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management |
| title_short | Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management |
| title_sort | impacts of use and abuse of nature in catalonia with proposals for sustainable management |
| topic | natural resources ecological footprint overexploitation Catalonia European countries environmental research |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/2/144 |
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