Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant
Chrysanthemum, one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world, is renowned for its brilliant colors and multifarious flower types. Thousands of gorgeous chrysanthemum cultivars exist thanks to both traditional breeding techniques and its characteristic bud sporting. In this study, we identif...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Agriculture |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1323 |
| _version_ | 1797492359173242880 |
|---|---|
| author | Lian-Da Du Yan-Hong Liu Jin-Zhi Liu Xiang-Qin Ding Bo Hong Da-Gang Hu Cui-Hui Sun |
| author_facet | Lian-Da Du Yan-Hong Liu Jin-Zhi Liu Xiang-Qin Ding Bo Hong Da-Gang Hu Cui-Hui Sun |
| author_sort | Lian-Da Du |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chrysanthemum, one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world, is renowned for its brilliant colors and multifarious flower types. Thousands of gorgeous chrysanthemum cultivars exist thanks to both traditional breeding techniques and its characteristic bud sporting. In this study, we identified a pink-to-yellow flower color-changed bud sport of the edible chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Pink Candy’. The bud variant and its parent plant bloomed at the same time, but with yellow- and pink-colored flowers, respectively. However, the two flower types exhibited strikingly different combinations and concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites, aromatic compounds, and pigments. Additionally, the expression patterns of key pigment biosynthesis genes, such as <i>CmPAL</i> (<i>p</i><i>henylalanine</i><i>a</i><i>mmonia</i><i>l</i><i>yase</i>), <i>CmDFR</i> (<i>d</i><i>ihydroflavonol 4-reductase</i>), <i>CmF3H</i> (<i>f</i><i>lavanone 3′-hydroxylase</i>), <i>CmNXS</i> (<i>n</i><i>eoxanthin synthase</i>) and <i>CmCCD4</i> (<i>c</i><i>arotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4</i>) were distinct between both flower types, helping to explain the color transformation of the mutant to some extent. Taken together, our results suggest a mechanism explaining the transformation of pink flowers to yellow flowers in the mutant bud sport. These results provide the foundation for the production of a novel chrysanthemum cultivar. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:02:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-66278908d6e540719ad255aba71642fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:02:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-66278908d6e540719ad255aba71642fd2023-11-23T14:32:04ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-08-01129132310.3390/agriculture12091323Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud VariantLian-Da Du0Yan-Hong Liu1Jin-Zhi Liu2Xiang-Qin Ding3Bo Hong4Da-Gang Hu5Cui-Hui Sun6National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaChrysanthemum, one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world, is renowned for its brilliant colors and multifarious flower types. Thousands of gorgeous chrysanthemum cultivars exist thanks to both traditional breeding techniques and its characteristic bud sporting. In this study, we identified a pink-to-yellow flower color-changed bud sport of the edible chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Pink Candy’. The bud variant and its parent plant bloomed at the same time, but with yellow- and pink-colored flowers, respectively. However, the two flower types exhibited strikingly different combinations and concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites, aromatic compounds, and pigments. Additionally, the expression patterns of key pigment biosynthesis genes, such as <i>CmPAL</i> (<i>p</i><i>henylalanine</i><i>a</i><i>mmonia</i><i>l</i><i>yase</i>), <i>CmDFR</i> (<i>d</i><i>ihydroflavonol 4-reductase</i>), <i>CmF3H</i> (<i>f</i><i>lavanone 3′-hydroxylase</i>), <i>CmNXS</i> (<i>n</i><i>eoxanthin synthase</i>) and <i>CmCCD4</i> (<i>c</i><i>arotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4</i>) were distinct between both flower types, helping to explain the color transformation of the mutant to some extent. Taken together, our results suggest a mechanism explaining the transformation of pink flowers to yellow flowers in the mutant bud sport. These results provide the foundation for the production of a novel chrysanthemum cultivar.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1323bud sportflower colorflavor compoundpigment biosynthesisgene expressionchrysanthemum |
| spellingShingle | Lian-Da Du Yan-Hong Liu Jin-Zhi Liu Xiang-Qin Ding Bo Hong Da-Gang Hu Cui-Hui Sun Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant Agriculture bud sport flower color flavor compound pigment biosynthesis gene expression chrysanthemum |
| title | Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant |
| title_full | Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant |
| title_fullStr | Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant |
| title_short | Identification and Characterization of Petal Color Change from Pink to Yellow in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> ‘Pink Candy’ and Its Bud Variant |
| title_sort | identification and characterization of petal color change from pink to yellow in i chrysanthemum morifolium i pink candy and its bud variant |
| topic | bud sport flower color flavor compound pigment biosynthesis gene expression chrysanthemum |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1323 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT liandadu identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT yanhongliu identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT jinzhiliu identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT xiangqinding identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT bohong identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT daganghu identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant AT cuihuisun identificationandcharacterizationofpetalcolorchangefrompinktoyellowinichrysanthemummorifoliumipinkcandyanditsbudvariant |