Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children
<b>Background</b>: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to seven years old over the l...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/6/1800 |
| _version_ | 1797240477781590016 |
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| author | Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena Clara Martinez-Perez Cesar Villa-Collar Mariano González-Pérez Ana González-Abad Grupo de Investigación Alain Afflelou Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina |
| author_facet | Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena Clara Martinez-Perez Cesar Villa-Collar Mariano González-Pérez Ana González-Abad Grupo de Investigación Alain Afflelou Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina |
| author_sort | Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background</b>: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to seven years old over the last five years and to predict the rate of myopia in Spain by 2030. <b>Methods</b>: The sample consisted of children aged between 5 and 7, who underwent an optometric examination consisting of the measurement of visual acuity (VA) and determination of objective and subjective refraction. The cut-off points to define refractive error are established by the spherical equivalent (SE) value: hyperopia for an SE over or equal to +0.50 D; myopia for an SE under or equal to −0.50 D; and emmetropia when the SE is between −0.50 D and +0.50 D. <b>Results</b>: The myopia rate in Spanish children aged between five and seven was 19%. Myopia prevalence progressively increased as children grew up (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). It is estimated that, in the year 2030, the rate of myopia will be 30.2% [CI: 25.3–35.0], of which 81.9% [CI: 78.3–85.3] will have low myopia, 10.0% [CI: 7.2–12.8] moderate myopia, and 7.3% [CI: 4.9–9.7] high myopia. <b>Conclusions</b>: Nineteen percent of Spanish children between five and seven are myopes. In 2030, is expected that 30.2% of Spanish children between 5 and 7 years of age will be myopes. These estimations will support eye care professionals in recommending that children spend more time outdoors to prevent the onset of myopia and the use of methods to control myopia to avoid reaching these figures of high myopia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:08:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6644978ba674420e9987f49f644b4ec4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:08:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-6644978ba674420e9987f49f644b4ec42024-03-27T13:48:22ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832024-03-01136180010.3390/jcm13061800Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish ChildrenMiguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena0Clara Martinez-Perez1Cesar Villa-Collar2Mariano González-Pérez3Ana González-Abad4Grupo de Investigación Alain Afflelou5Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina6Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSchool of Management, Engineering and Aeronautics, ISEC LISBOA (Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências), 1750-179 Lisbon, PortugalFaculty of Biomedical and Health Science, Europea University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, SpainOptometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainTraining and Development Department, Alain Afflelou Óptico, 28046 Madrid, SpainTraining and Development Department, Alain Afflelou Óptico, 28046 Madrid, SpainOptometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain<b>Background</b>: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to seven years old over the last five years and to predict the rate of myopia in Spain by 2030. <b>Methods</b>: The sample consisted of children aged between 5 and 7, who underwent an optometric examination consisting of the measurement of visual acuity (VA) and determination of objective and subjective refraction. The cut-off points to define refractive error are established by the spherical equivalent (SE) value: hyperopia for an SE over or equal to +0.50 D; myopia for an SE under or equal to −0.50 D; and emmetropia when the SE is between −0.50 D and +0.50 D. <b>Results</b>: The myopia rate in Spanish children aged between five and seven was 19%. Myopia prevalence progressively increased as children grew up (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). It is estimated that, in the year 2030, the rate of myopia will be 30.2% [CI: 25.3–35.0], of which 81.9% [CI: 78.3–85.3] will have low myopia, 10.0% [CI: 7.2–12.8] moderate myopia, and 7.3% [CI: 4.9–9.7] high myopia. <b>Conclusions</b>: Nineteen percent of Spanish children between five and seven are myopes. In 2030, is expected that 30.2% of Spanish children between 5 and 7 years of age will be myopes. These estimations will support eye care professionals in recommending that children spend more time outdoors to prevent the onset of myopia and the use of methods to control myopia to avoid reaching these figures of high myopia.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/6/1800myopiachildhoodSpainprevalenceestimations |
| spellingShingle | Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena Clara Martinez-Perez Cesar Villa-Collar Mariano González-Pérez Ana González-Abad Grupo de Investigación Alain Afflelou Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children Journal of Clinical Medicine myopia childhood Spain prevalence estimations |
| title | Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children |
| title_full | Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children |
| title_short | Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children |
| title_sort | prevalence and estimation of the evolution of myopia in spanish children |
| topic | myopia childhood Spain prevalence estimations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/6/1800 |
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