Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles
Apple is widely cultivated in temperate regions. The beneficial properties of apple for preventing several illnesses are widely known. Nevertheless, qualitative variables such as sweetness or sourness may influence consumer satisfaction; they are critical factors for fruit consumption and essential...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/827 |
| _version_ | 1797437300600209408 |
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| author | Pierre Mignard Santiago Beguería Rosa Giménez Carolina Font i Forcada Gemma Reig María Ángeles Moreno |
| author_facet | Pierre Mignard Santiago Beguería Rosa Giménez Carolina Font i Forcada Gemma Reig María Ángeles Moreno |
| author_sort | Pierre Mignard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apple is widely cultivated in temperate regions. The beneficial properties of apple for preventing several illnesses are widely known. Nevertheless, qualitative variables such as sweetness or sourness may influence consumer satisfaction; they are critical factors for fruit consumption and essential in plant breeding. In the present work, 155 apple accessions were assessed during five consecutive years (2014–2018). Four individual sugars and seven organic acids were analysed by HPLC. A mixed-effects model was fitted with accessions and the years’ climatic features as independent variables. A cluster analysis was applied on the mixed-effects model coefficients. Four groups were considered as optimum. Genetics seemed to have the strongest effect and showed clear differences between accession groups, while climate effects were strong only for certain compounds and had a more horizontal behaviour equally affecting the different accession groups. In fact, non-Spanish cultivars tended to concentrate, while autochthone accessions had a much wider spread. Individual sugars and acids concentrations correlated negatively with precipitation and positively with temperature range and solar radiation in all accession groups. The geographic region where the orchard is grown is thus very important in the resulting metabolites profiles. Moreover, apple genetics would also play a decisive role as highlighted in the cluster analysis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:18:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6652671e275443898277ad0d2d939fed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:18:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-6652671e275443898277ad0d2d939fed2023-12-01T00:26:36ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-03-0112482710.3390/agronomy12040827Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids ProfilesPierre Mignard0Santiago Beguería1Rosa Giménez2Carolina Font i Forcada3Gemma Reig4María Ángeles Moreno5Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, SpainApple is widely cultivated in temperate regions. The beneficial properties of apple for preventing several illnesses are widely known. Nevertheless, qualitative variables such as sweetness or sourness may influence consumer satisfaction; they are critical factors for fruit consumption and essential in plant breeding. In the present work, 155 apple accessions were assessed during five consecutive years (2014–2018). Four individual sugars and seven organic acids were analysed by HPLC. A mixed-effects model was fitted with accessions and the years’ climatic features as independent variables. A cluster analysis was applied on the mixed-effects model coefficients. Four groups were considered as optimum. Genetics seemed to have the strongest effect and showed clear differences between accession groups, while climate effects were strong only for certain compounds and had a more horizontal behaviour equally affecting the different accession groups. In fact, non-Spanish cultivars tended to concentrate, while autochthone accessions had a much wider spread. Individual sugars and acids concentrations correlated negatively with precipitation and positively with temperature range and solar radiation in all accession groups. The geographic region where the orchard is grown is thus very important in the resulting metabolites profiles. Moreover, apple genetics would also play a decisive role as highlighted in the cluster analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/827<i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh.fruit qualitytemperaturesolar radiationHPLCfructose |
| spellingShingle | Pierre Mignard Santiago Beguería Rosa Giménez Carolina Font i Forcada Gemma Reig María Ángeles Moreno Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles Agronomy <i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh. fruit quality temperature solar radiation HPLC fructose |
| title | Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles |
| title_full | Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles |
| title_short | Effect of Genetics and Climate on Apple Sugars and Organic Acids Profiles |
| title_sort | effect of genetics and climate on apple sugars and organic acids profiles |
| topic | <i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i> Borkh. fruit quality temperature solar radiation HPLC fructose |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/827 |
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