Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic?
Previous studies have indicated that the harmful heavy metal lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic systems has caused intelligence development disorders and nervous system function abnormalities in juveniles due to the increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considere...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6282 |
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| author | Weikai Ding Yousef Sultan Shumei Li Wenjun Wen Bangjun Zhang Yiyi Feng Junguo Ma Xiaoyu Li |
| author_facet | Weikai Ding Yousef Sultan Shumei Li Wenjun Wen Bangjun Zhang Yiyi Feng Junguo Ma Xiaoyu Li |
| author_sort | Weikai Ding |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Previous studies have indicated that the harmful heavy metal lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic systems has caused intelligence development disorders and nervous system function abnormalities in juveniles due to the increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered “green” organic solvents that can replace traditional organic solvents. Studies have found the presence of ILs in soil and water due to chemical applications or unintentional leakage. Therefore, what would happen if Pb interacted with ILs in a body of water? Could ILs enable Pb to more easily cross the blood–brain barrier? Therefore, we examined the combined exposure of Pb and ILs in common carp at low concentration (18.3 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>•3 H<sub>2</sub>O and 11 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of the IL 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride, 5% of their LC<sub>50</sub>) for 28 days in the present study. The result of a neurobehavioral assay showed that chronic exposure of lead at lower concentrations significantly altered fish movement and neurobehaviors, indicating that lead exposure caused neurotoxicity in the carp. Increases in the neurotransmitter dopamine levels and injuries in the fish brain accounted for neurobehavioral abnormalities induced by lead exposure. Moreover, we also found that lead could easily cross the blood–brain barrier and caused significant bioaccumulation in the brain. Particularly, our study indicated that the ionic liquid could not synergistically promote blood–brain barrier permeability and hence failed to increase the absorption of lead in the fish brain, suggesting that the combined exposure of lead and ILs was not a synergistic effect but antagonism to the neurotoxicity. The results of this study suggested that ILs could recede the Pb induced neurotoxicity in fish. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:14:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-667fc79cbfa5496390da28e00f8e7af82023-11-23T14:12:52ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-06-012311628210.3390/ijms23116282Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic?Weikai Ding0Yousef Sultan1Shumei Li2Wenjun Wen3Bangjun Zhang4Yiyi Feng5Junguo Ma6Xiaoyu Li7Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaPrevious studies have indicated that the harmful heavy metal lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic systems has caused intelligence development disorders and nervous system function abnormalities in juveniles due to the increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered “green” organic solvents that can replace traditional organic solvents. Studies have found the presence of ILs in soil and water due to chemical applications or unintentional leakage. Therefore, what would happen if Pb interacted with ILs in a body of water? Could ILs enable Pb to more easily cross the blood–brain barrier? Therefore, we examined the combined exposure of Pb and ILs in common carp at low concentration (18.3 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>•3 H<sub>2</sub>O and 11 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of the IL 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride, 5% of their LC<sub>50</sub>) for 28 days in the present study. The result of a neurobehavioral assay showed that chronic exposure of lead at lower concentrations significantly altered fish movement and neurobehaviors, indicating that lead exposure caused neurotoxicity in the carp. Increases in the neurotransmitter dopamine levels and injuries in the fish brain accounted for neurobehavioral abnormalities induced by lead exposure. Moreover, we also found that lead could easily cross the blood–brain barrier and caused significant bioaccumulation in the brain. Particularly, our study indicated that the ionic liquid could not synergistically promote blood–brain barrier permeability and hence failed to increase the absorption of lead in the fish brain, suggesting that the combined exposure of lead and ILs was not a synergistic effect but antagonism to the neurotoxicity. The results of this study suggested that ILs could recede the Pb induced neurotoxicity in fish.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6282<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>Pbionic liquidcombined exposureneurotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Weikai Ding Yousef Sultan Shumei Li Wenjun Wen Bangjun Zhang Yiyi Feng Junguo Ma Xiaoyu Li Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> Pb ionic liquid combined exposure neurotoxicity |
| title | Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? |
| title_full | Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? |
| title_fullStr | Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? |
| title_short | Neurotoxicity of Chronic Co-Exposure of Lead and Ionic Liquid in Common Carp: Synergistic or Antagonistic? |
| title_sort | neurotoxicity of chronic co exposure of lead and ionic liquid in common carp synergistic or antagonistic |
| topic | <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> Pb ionic liquid combined exposure neurotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6282 |
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