Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains generous amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and dietary fibers, in addition to secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The phenolic compounds detected in rice (organic rice (OR), conventional rice (CR), and pesticide-f...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2018-12-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/1/67 |
| _version_ | 1819206176186826752 |
|---|---|
| author | Mayakrishnan Prabakaran Ill-Min Chung Na-Young Son Hee-Youn Chi So-Yeon Kim Yu-Jin Yang Chang Kwon Yeon-Ju An Ateeque Ahmad Seung-Hyun Kim |
| author_facet | Mayakrishnan Prabakaran Ill-Min Chung Na-Young Son Hee-Youn Chi So-Yeon Kim Yu-Jin Yang Chang Kwon Yeon-Ju An Ateeque Ahmad Seung-Hyun Kim |
| author_sort | Mayakrishnan Prabakaran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains generous amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and dietary fibers, in addition to secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The phenolic compounds detected in rice (organic rice (OR), conventional rice (CR), and pesticide-free rice (PFR)), namely, protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, salicylic, and caffeic acids, are notable free radical scavengers. The sum of these phenolic compounds was found to be higher in PFR, followed by CR and OR (p < 0.0001), when the rice types were classified based on the farming system employed. In addition, significant differences were observed in the p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels for the OR and CR groups compared with the PFR groups (p < 0.01). Furthermore, greater quantities of p-coumaric acid were found in CR-08 and OR-02, although these groups contained overall higher and lower sums of phenolic compounds, respectively. Moreover, significance was observed in the sum of the phenolic compounds, although only small quantities were found in polished rice. Further research is thus required to provide a clearer picture regarding the phenolic profiles of different rice brands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T05:03:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6680d8db5ae44d2db8c35c809ff72476 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T05:03:26Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-6680d8db5ae44d2db8c35c809ff724762022-12-21T17:59:09ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492018-12-012416710.3390/molecules24010067molecules24010067Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MSMayakrishnan Prabakaran0Ill-Min Chung1Na-Young Son2Hee-Youn Chi3So-Yeon Kim4Yu-Jin Yang5Chang Kwon6Yeon-Ju An7Ateeque Ahmad8Seung-Hyun Kim9Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaProcess Chemistry and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, IndiaDepartment of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaRice (Oryza sativa L.) contains generous amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and dietary fibers, in addition to secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The phenolic compounds detected in rice (organic rice (OR), conventional rice (CR), and pesticide-free rice (PFR)), namely, protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, salicylic, and caffeic acids, are notable free radical scavengers. The sum of these phenolic compounds was found to be higher in PFR, followed by CR and OR (p < 0.0001), when the rice types were classified based on the farming system employed. In addition, significant differences were observed in the p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels for the OR and CR groups compared with the PFR groups (p < 0.01). Furthermore, greater quantities of p-coumaric acid were found in CR-08 and OR-02, although these groups contained overall higher and lower sums of phenolic compounds, respectively. Moreover, significance was observed in the sum of the phenolic compounds, although only small quantities were found in polished rice. Further research is thus required to provide a clearer picture regarding the phenolic profiles of different rice brands.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/1/67rice (Oryza sativa L.)pesticide-free riceconventional riceorganic ricephenolic compoundLC-ESI-MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Mayakrishnan Prabakaran Ill-Min Chung Na-Young Son Hee-Youn Chi So-Yeon Kim Yu-Jin Yang Chang Kwon Yeon-Ju An Ateeque Ahmad Seung-Hyun Kim Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS Molecules rice (Oryza sativa L.) pesticide-free rice conventional rice organic rice phenolic compound LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title | Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title_full | Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title_short | Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| title_sort | analysis of selected phenolic compounds in organic pesticide free conventional rice oryza sativa l using lc esi ms ms |
| topic | rice (Oryza sativa L.) pesticide-free rice conventional rice organic rice phenolic compound LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/1/67 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mayakrishnanprabakaran analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT illminchung analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT nayoungson analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT heeyounchi analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT soyeonkim analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT yujinyang analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT changkwon analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT yeonjuan analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT ateequeahmad analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms AT seunghyunkim analysisofselectedphenoliccompoundsinorganicpesticidefreeconventionalriceoryzasativalusinglcesimsms |