Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children
BackgroundOrganophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The compositions and concentrations of different OPFRs metabolites vary in different environments depending on different human activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of differen...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186561/full |
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| author | Fu-Jen Cheng Chih-Hwa Wang Hsiu-Yung Pan Chih-Cheng Chen Wan-Ting Huang Shau-Hsuan Li Liang-Jen Wang Chin-Chou Wang Wen-Chin Lee Kai-Fan Tsai Yu-Che Ou Chia-Te Kung |
| author_facet | Fu-Jen Cheng Chih-Hwa Wang Hsiu-Yung Pan Chih-Cheng Chen Wan-Ting Huang Shau-Hsuan Li Liang-Jen Wang Chin-Chou Wang Wen-Chin Lee Kai-Fan Tsai Yu-Che Ou Chia-Te Kung |
| author_sort | Fu-Jen Cheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundOrganophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The compositions and concentrations of different OPFRs metabolites vary in different environments depending on different human activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of different age groups to OPFRs in Taiwan.MethodsVolunteers provided urine samples and responded to questionnaires including demographic factors, underlying disease, lifestyle information, and occupation from October 2021 to January 2022. OPFR measurements were performed using a Waters Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography system coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-XS mass spectrometer.ResultsA total of 391 volunteers (74 children and 317 adults) were enrolled in this study. The concentrations (presented as μg/g creatinine) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP, p = 0.029) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, p = 0.008) were higher in the adult group, while the concentrations of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP, p = 0.024), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, p < 0.001), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP, p = 0.009), and Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP, p = 0.007) were higher in the child group. Compared with school age children (>6 years), the concentration of di(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP, 1.14 vs. 0.20 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.001), DPHP (1.23 vs. 0.54 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.036), TBEP (1.63 vs. 0.29 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001), and the sum of OPFR metabolites (ΣOPFRs, 6.58 vs. 2.04 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001) were statistically higher in preschool-aged children. After adjusting for confounding factors, pre-school age [odds ratio (OR): 4.579, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.389–13.115] and current smoker (OR: 5.328, 95%CI: 1.858–14.955) were independently associated with the risk of ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.ConclusionThis study revealed the distribution of different OPFRs metabolites in children and adults. DBEP, DPHP, TBEP, and ΣOPFR were higher in preschool-aged children. Pre-school age and current smoking status were independent risk factors for ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:51:33Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:51:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-66a380e46b0c4692879f4d3a7e936bb22023-08-31T06:50:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652023-08-011110.3389/fpubh.2023.11865611186561Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and childrenFu-Jen Cheng0Chih-Hwa Wang1Hsiu-Yung Pan2Chih-Cheng Chen3Wan-Ting Huang4Shau-Hsuan Li5Liang-Jen Wang6Chin-Chou Wang7Wen-Chin Lee8Kai-Fan Tsai9Yu-Che Ou10Chia-Te Kung11Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanSection of Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDivision of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, TaiwanBackgroundOrganophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The compositions and concentrations of different OPFRs metabolites vary in different environments depending on different human activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of different age groups to OPFRs in Taiwan.MethodsVolunteers provided urine samples and responded to questionnaires including demographic factors, underlying disease, lifestyle information, and occupation from October 2021 to January 2022. OPFR measurements were performed using a Waters Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography system coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-XS mass spectrometer.ResultsA total of 391 volunteers (74 children and 317 adults) were enrolled in this study. The concentrations (presented as μg/g creatinine) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP, p = 0.029) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, p = 0.008) were higher in the adult group, while the concentrations of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP, p = 0.024), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, p < 0.001), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP, p = 0.009), and Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP, p = 0.007) were higher in the child group. Compared with school age children (>6 years), the concentration of di(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP, 1.14 vs. 0.20 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.001), DPHP (1.23 vs. 0.54 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.036), TBEP (1.63 vs. 0.29 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001), and the sum of OPFR metabolites (ΣOPFRs, 6.58 vs. 2.04 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001) were statistically higher in preschool-aged children. After adjusting for confounding factors, pre-school age [odds ratio (OR): 4.579, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.389–13.115] and current smoker (OR: 5.328, 95%CI: 1.858–14.955) were independently associated with the risk of ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.ConclusionThis study revealed the distribution of different OPFRs metabolites in children and adults. DBEP, DPHP, TBEP, and ΣOPFR were higher in preschool-aged children. Pre-school age and current smoking status were independent risk factors for ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186561/fullorganophosphate flame retardantOPFROPFR metabolitesTris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphateTaiwan |
| spellingShingle | Fu-Jen Cheng Chih-Hwa Wang Hsiu-Yung Pan Chih-Cheng Chen Wan-Ting Huang Shau-Hsuan Li Liang-Jen Wang Chin-Chou Wang Wen-Chin Lee Kai-Fan Tsai Yu-Che Ou Chia-Te Kung Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children Frontiers in Public Health organophosphate flame retardant OPFR OPFR metabolites Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate Taiwan |
| title | Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children |
| title_full | Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children |
| title_fullStr | Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children |
| title_short | Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children |
| title_sort | levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in taiwan difference between adults and children |
| topic | organophosphate flame retardant OPFR OPFR metabolites Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate Taiwan |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186561/full |
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