Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment
There is an ever-increasing need to use an accurate and consistent geometric ground reference in the processing of remotely sensed data products, as this reduces the burden on the end-users to account for the differences between the data products from different missions. In this regard, the U.S. Geo...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-09-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3132 |
| _version_ | 1797552755765673984 |
|---|---|
| author | Rajagopalan Rengarajan James C. Storey Michael J. Choate |
| author_facet | Rajagopalan Rengarajan James C. Storey Michael J. Choate |
| author_sort | Rajagopalan Rengarajan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is an ever-increasing need to use an accurate and consistent geometric ground reference in the processing of remotely sensed data products, as this reduces the burden on the end-users to account for the differences between the data products from different missions. In this regard, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated an effort to harmonize the Landsat ground reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image (GRI) to improve the co-registration between the data products of the two global medium-resolution missions. In this paper, we discuss the process, results, and the improvements expected from this harmonization of two ground references using space-triangulation-based bundle adjustment techniques. The ground coordinates of the Landsat reference library, consisting of five million Ground Control Points (GCPs) were adjusted in a series of four simultaneous bundle block adjustments using thousands of Landsat-8 (L8) scenes anchored with more than 300,000 control points extracted from the GRI dataset. The net adjustments to each of the four blocks, namely, Australia, Americas, Eurasia, and Islands, varied anywhere from 1 to 13 m, depending on the accuracy of the GCPs in these blocks. The use of the GRI dataset in our bundle adjustment not only improved the absolute accuracy of the Landsat ground reference, but will also improve the co-registration between Sentinel-2 and Landsat terrain corrected products, as the European Space Agency plans to process the Sentinel-2 products using the GRI dataset. Independent validation of the Landsat products processed using harmonized GCPs with the GRI dataset indicated a global misregistration error of less than 8 m Circular Error Probable at 90 % (CE90), an improvement from the 25 m prior to harmonization. The improvements to the Landsat products using the harmonized GCPs are expected to be available to the public as part of Landsat Collection-2 processing by the end of 2020. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:05:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-66b9a2275f8849658ffbe00d77e46ee4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:05:40Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-66b9a2275f8849658ffbe00d77e46ee42023-11-20T14:55:10ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-09-011219313210.3390/rs12193132Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle AdjustmentRajagopalan Rengarajan0James C. Storey1Michael J. Choate2KBR, Sioux Falls, SD 57030, USAKBR, Sioux Falls, SD 57030, USAU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57030, USAThere is an ever-increasing need to use an accurate and consistent geometric ground reference in the processing of remotely sensed data products, as this reduces the burden on the end-users to account for the differences between the data products from different missions. In this regard, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated an effort to harmonize the Landsat ground reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image (GRI) to improve the co-registration between the data products of the two global medium-resolution missions. In this paper, we discuss the process, results, and the improvements expected from this harmonization of two ground references using space-triangulation-based bundle adjustment techniques. The ground coordinates of the Landsat reference library, consisting of five million Ground Control Points (GCPs) were adjusted in a series of four simultaneous bundle block adjustments using thousands of Landsat-8 (L8) scenes anchored with more than 300,000 control points extracted from the GRI dataset. The net adjustments to each of the four blocks, namely, Australia, Americas, Eurasia, and Islands, varied anywhere from 1 to 13 m, depending on the accuracy of the GCPs in these blocks. The use of the GRI dataset in our bundle adjustment not only improved the absolute accuracy of the Landsat ground reference, but will also improve the co-registration between Sentinel-2 and Landsat terrain corrected products, as the European Space Agency plans to process the Sentinel-2 products using the GRI dataset. Independent validation of the Landsat products processed using harmonized GCPs with the GRI dataset indicated a global misregistration error of less than 8 m Circular Error Probable at 90 % (CE90), an improvement from the 25 m prior to harmonization. The improvements to the Landsat products using the harmonized GCPs are expected to be available to the public as part of Landsat Collection-2 processing by the end of 2020.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3132triangulationGround Control Pointsgeometric referenceregistrationgeometric accuracygeometric correction |
| spellingShingle | Rajagopalan Rengarajan James C. Storey Michael J. Choate Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment Remote Sensing triangulation Ground Control Points geometric reference registration geometric accuracy geometric correction |
| title | Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment |
| title_full | Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment |
| title_fullStr | Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment |
| title_short | Harmonizing the Landsat Ground Reference with the Sentinel-2 Global Reference Image Using Space-Based Bundle Adjustment |
| title_sort | harmonizing the landsat ground reference with the sentinel 2 global reference image using space based bundle adjustment |
| topic | triangulation Ground Control Points geometric reference registration geometric accuracy geometric correction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3132 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rajagopalanrengarajan harmonizingthelandsatgroundreferencewiththesentinel2globalreferenceimageusingspacebasedbundleadjustment AT jamescstorey harmonizingthelandsatgroundreferencewiththesentinel2globalreferenceimageusingspacebasedbundleadjustment AT michaeljchoate harmonizingthelandsatgroundreferencewiththesentinel2globalreferenceimageusingspacebasedbundleadjustment |