Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories
This article proposes a method for the prediction of wide range two-dimensional refractivity for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications, using an inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation of high-altitude radio refractivity data from multiple meteorological observatories. The radio refracti...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1431 |
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| author | Sungsik Wang Tae Heung Lim Kyoungsoo Oh Chulhun Seo Hosung Choo |
| author_facet | Sungsik Wang Tae Heung Lim Kyoungsoo Oh Chulhun Seo Hosung Choo |
| author_sort | Sungsik Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article proposes a method for the prediction of wide range two-dimensional refractivity for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications, using an inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation of high-altitude radio refractivity data from multiple meteorological observatories. The radio refractivity is extracted from an atmospheric data set of twenty meteorological observatories around the Korean Peninsula along a given altitude. Then, from the sparse refractive data, the two-dimensional regional radio refractivity of the entire Korean Peninsula is derived using the IDW interpolation, in consideration of the curvature of the Earth. The refractivities of the four seasons in 2019 are derived at the locations of seven meteorological observatories within the Korean Peninsula, using the refractivity data from the other nineteen observatories. The atmospheric refractivities on 15 February 2019 are then evaluated across the entire Korean Peninsula, using the atmospheric data collected from the twenty meteorological observatories. We found that the proposed IDW interpolation has the lowest average, the lowest average root-mean-square error (RMSE) of <i>∇M</i> (gradient of <i>M</i>), and more continuous results than other methods. To compare the resulting IDW refractivity interpolation for airborne SAR applications, all the propagation path losses across Pohang and Heuksando are obtained using the standard atmospheric condition of <i>∇M</i> = 118 and the observation-based interpolated atmospheric conditions on 15 February 2019. On the terrain surface ranging from 90 km to 190 km, the average path losses in the standard and derived conditions are 179.7 dB and 182.1 dB, respectively. Finally, based on the air-to-ground scenario in the SAR application, two-dimensional illuminated field intensities on the terrain surface are illustrated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:36:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-66c4e54476554177bc3841e90cb90a62 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:36:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-66c4e54476554177bc3841e90cb90a622023-12-03T12:28:16ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-02-01114143110.3390/app11041431Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological ObservatoriesSungsik Wang0Tae Heung Lim1Kyoungsoo Oh2Chulhun Seo3Hosung Choo4Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, KoreaDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, KoreaHanwha Systems Co. Ltd., Seongnam City 13524, KoreaSchool of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, KoreaDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, KoreaThis article proposes a method for the prediction of wide range two-dimensional refractivity for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications, using an inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation of high-altitude radio refractivity data from multiple meteorological observatories. The radio refractivity is extracted from an atmospheric data set of twenty meteorological observatories around the Korean Peninsula along a given altitude. Then, from the sparse refractive data, the two-dimensional regional radio refractivity of the entire Korean Peninsula is derived using the IDW interpolation, in consideration of the curvature of the Earth. The refractivities of the four seasons in 2019 are derived at the locations of seven meteorological observatories within the Korean Peninsula, using the refractivity data from the other nineteen observatories. The atmospheric refractivities on 15 February 2019 are then evaluated across the entire Korean Peninsula, using the atmospheric data collected from the twenty meteorological observatories. We found that the proposed IDW interpolation has the lowest average, the lowest average root-mean-square error (RMSE) of <i>∇M</i> (gradient of <i>M</i>), and more continuous results than other methods. To compare the resulting IDW refractivity interpolation for airborne SAR applications, all the propagation path losses across Pohang and Heuksando are obtained using the standard atmospheric condition of <i>∇M</i> = 118 and the observation-based interpolated atmospheric conditions on 15 February 2019. On the terrain surface ranging from 90 km to 190 km, the average path losses in the standard and derived conditions are 179.7 dB and 182.1 dB, respectively. Finally, based on the air-to-ground scenario in the SAR application, two-dimensional illuminated field intensities on the terrain surface are illustrated.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1431refractivity interpolationinverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolationlong-range propagationsynthetic aperture radar (SAR)active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar |
| spellingShingle | Sungsik Wang Tae Heung Lim Kyoungsoo Oh Chulhun Seo Hosung Choo Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories Applied Sciences refractivity interpolation inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation long-range propagation synthetic aperture radar (SAR) active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar |
| title | Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories |
| title_full | Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories |
| title_fullStr | Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories |
| title_short | Prediction of Wide Range Two-Dimensional Refractivity Using an IDW Interpolation Method from High-Altitude Refractivity Data of Multiple Meteorological Observatories |
| title_sort | prediction of wide range two dimensional refractivity using an idw interpolation method from high altitude refractivity data of multiple meteorological observatories |
| topic | refractivity interpolation inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation long-range propagation synthetic aperture radar (SAR) active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1431 |
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