Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea
The use of humidifier disinfectant (HD) has been determined to be associated with lung injuries (HDLI) in Korea. Although HD brands containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) oligomers have been found to cause more HDLI compared to brands containing other disinfectants, the physicochemical proper...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/14/3301 |
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| author | Dong-Uk Park Jihoon Park Kee Won Yang Ju-Hyun Park Jung-Hwan Kwon Han Bin Oh |
| author_facet | Dong-Uk Park Jihoon Park Kee Won Yang Ju-Hyun Park Jung-Hwan Kwon Han Bin Oh |
| author_sort | Dong-Uk Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of humidifier disinfectant (HD) has been determined to be associated with lung injuries (HDLI) in Korea. Although HD brands containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) oligomers have been found to cause more HDLI compared to brands containing other disinfectants, the physicochemical properties of PHMG have been poorly defined. We aimed to quantify the PHMG dissolved in HD brands, characterize the number-average (<i>M<sub>n</sub></i>) and weight-average (<i>M<sub>w</sub></i>) molecular masses, and identify the polymerization degree of PHMG. Analysis of the PHMG oligomers was performed using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) operated in positive-ion reflectron mode. Eight brands of HD containing PHMG were identified. The PHMG concentrations in these brands ranged from 160 to 37,200 ppm (mean = 3100.9 ppm). Concentration was a significant variable among and within HD brands. The degree of PHMG oligomerization fell within the range of two to four. The averages of <i>M<sub>n</sub></i> and <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> were 517.2 g/mol (range: 422–613 g/mol) and 537.3 g/mol (range: 441.0–678.0 g/mol), respectively. Based on the average molecular weight and the degree of polymerization, the PHMG examined here could be regarded as oligomers, which may be associated with the highest proportion of HDLI being caused by PHMG. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:19:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-66c66bd9117e483f84c6a556814d8f43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:19:50Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-66c66bd9117e483f84c6a556814d8f432023-11-20T07:24:18ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-07-012514330110.3390/molecules25143301Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in KoreaDong-Uk Park0Jihoon Park1Kee Won Yang2Ju-Hyun Park3Jung-Hwan Kwon4Han Bin Oh5Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, KoreaEnvironmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyDepartment of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, KoreaDepartment of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, KoreaDivision of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, KoreaThe use of humidifier disinfectant (HD) has been determined to be associated with lung injuries (HDLI) in Korea. Although HD brands containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) oligomers have been found to cause more HDLI compared to brands containing other disinfectants, the physicochemical properties of PHMG have been poorly defined. We aimed to quantify the PHMG dissolved in HD brands, characterize the number-average (<i>M<sub>n</sub></i>) and weight-average (<i>M<sub>w</sub></i>) molecular masses, and identify the polymerization degree of PHMG. Analysis of the PHMG oligomers was performed using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) operated in positive-ion reflectron mode. Eight brands of HD containing PHMG were identified. The PHMG concentrations in these brands ranged from 160 to 37,200 ppm (mean = 3100.9 ppm). Concentration was a significant variable among and within HD brands. The degree of PHMG oligomerization fell within the range of two to four. The averages of <i>M<sub>n</sub></i> and <i>M<sub>w</sub></i> were 517.2 g/mol (range: 422–613 g/mol) and 537.3 g/mol (range: 441.0–678.0 g/mol), respectively. Based on the average molecular weight and the degree of polymerization, the PHMG examined here could be regarded as oligomers, which may be associated with the highest proportion of HDLI being caused by PHMG.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/14/3301humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injuryPHMGoligomermolecular masspolymerization |
| spellingShingle | Dong-Uk Park Jihoon Park Kee Won Yang Ju-Hyun Park Jung-Hwan Kwon Han Bin Oh Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea Molecules humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury PHMG oligomer molecular mass polymerization |
| title | Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea |
| title_full | Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea |
| title_fullStr | Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea |
| title_short | Properties of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Associated with Fatal Lung Injury in Korea |
| title_sort | properties of polyhexamethylene guanidine phmg associated with fatal lung injury in korea |
| topic | humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury PHMG oligomer molecular mass polymerization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/14/3301 |
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