Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor
Immunosensors based on field-effect transistors with nanowire channels (NWFETs) provide fast and real-time detection of a variety of biomarkers without the need for additional labels. The key feature of the developed immunosensor is the coating of silicon NWs with multilayers of polyelectrolytes (po...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/332 |
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| author | Galina V. Presnova Denis E. Presnov Mariya M. Ulyashova Ilia I. Tsiniaikin Artem S. Trifonov Ekaterina V. Skorb Vladimir A. Krupenin Oleg V. Snigirev Maya Yu. Rubtsova |
| author_facet | Galina V. Presnova Denis E. Presnov Mariya M. Ulyashova Ilia I. Tsiniaikin Artem S. Trifonov Ekaterina V. Skorb Vladimir A. Krupenin Oleg V. Snigirev Maya Yu. Rubtsova |
| author_sort | Galina V. Presnova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immunosensors based on field-effect transistors with nanowire channels (NWFETs) provide fast and real-time detection of a variety of biomarkers without the need for additional labels. The key feature of the developed immunosensor is the coating of silicon NWs with multilayers of polyelectrolytes (polyethylenimine (PEI) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)). By causing a macromolecular crowding effect, it ensures the “soft fixation” of the antibodies into the 3-D matrix of the oppositely charged layers. We investigated the interaction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostate cancer, and antibodies adsorbed in the PEI and PSS matrix. In order to visualize the formation of immune complexes between polyelectrolyte layers using SEM and AFM techniques, we employed a second clone of antibodies labeled with gold nanoparticles. PSA was able to penetrate the matrix and concentrate close to the surface layer, which is crucial for its detection on the nanowires. Additionally, this provides the optimal orientation of the antibodies’ active centers for interacting with the antigen and improves their mobility. NWFETs were fabricated from SOI material using high-resolution e-beam lithography, thin film vacuum deposition, and reactive-ion etching processes. The immunosensor was characterized by a high sensitivity to pH (71 mV/pH) and an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 fg/mL for PSA. The response of the immunosensor takes less than a minute, and the measurement is carried out in real time. This approach seems promising for further investigation of its applicability for early screening of prostate cancer and POC systems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:50:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-66d9a2ffe4d245259f88a0f64d73b9c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:50:44Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-66d9a2ffe4d245259f88a0f64d73b9c22024-02-09T15:20:43ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602024-01-0116333210.3390/polym16030332Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect TransistorGalina V. Presnova0Denis E. Presnov1Mariya M. Ulyashova2Ilia I. Tsiniaikin3Artem S. Trifonov4Ekaterina V. Skorb5Vladimir A. Krupenin6Oleg V. Snigirev7Maya Yu. Rubtsova8Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaInfochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, RussiaFaculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaImmunosensors based on field-effect transistors with nanowire channels (NWFETs) provide fast and real-time detection of a variety of biomarkers without the need for additional labels. The key feature of the developed immunosensor is the coating of silicon NWs with multilayers of polyelectrolytes (polyethylenimine (PEI) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)). By causing a macromolecular crowding effect, it ensures the “soft fixation” of the antibodies into the 3-D matrix of the oppositely charged layers. We investigated the interaction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostate cancer, and antibodies adsorbed in the PEI and PSS matrix. In order to visualize the formation of immune complexes between polyelectrolyte layers using SEM and AFM techniques, we employed a second clone of antibodies labeled with gold nanoparticles. PSA was able to penetrate the matrix and concentrate close to the surface layer, which is crucial for its detection on the nanowires. Additionally, this provides the optimal orientation of the antibodies’ active centers for interacting with the antigen and improves their mobility. NWFETs were fabricated from SOI material using high-resolution e-beam lithography, thin film vacuum deposition, and reactive-ion etching processes. The immunosensor was characterized by a high sensitivity to pH (71 mV/pH) and an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 fg/mL for PSA. The response of the immunosensor takes less than a minute, and the measurement is carried out in real time. This approach seems promising for further investigation of its applicability for early screening of prostate cancer and POC systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/332polyelecrolytesmacromolecular crowdingantibodiessilicon nanowire field-effect transistorprostate-specific antigen (PSA)immunosensor |
| spellingShingle | Galina V. Presnova Denis E. Presnov Mariya M. Ulyashova Ilia I. Tsiniaikin Artem S. Trifonov Ekaterina V. Skorb Vladimir A. Krupenin Oleg V. Snigirev Maya Yu. Rubtsova Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Polymers polyelecrolytes macromolecular crowding antibodies silicon nanowire field-effect transistor prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunosensor |
| title | Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor |
| title_full | Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor |
| title_fullStr | Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor |
| title_short | Ultrasensitive Detection of PSA Using Antibodies in Crowding Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on a Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor |
| title_sort | ultrasensitive detection of psa using antibodies in crowding polyelectrolyte multilayers on a silicon nanowire field effect transistor |
| topic | polyelecrolytes macromolecular crowding antibodies silicon nanowire field-effect transistor prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunosensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/332 |
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