Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode
Currently, Ag/AgCl-based reference electrodes are used in most electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectrochemical devices. However, standard reference electrodes are rather large and do not always fit within electrochemical cells designed for the determination of analytes in low-volume aliquots...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2510 |
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| author | Eivydas Andriukonis Marius Butkevicius Povilas Simonis Arunas Ramanavicius |
| author_facet | Eivydas Andriukonis Marius Butkevicius Povilas Simonis Arunas Ramanavicius |
| author_sort | Eivydas Andriukonis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Currently, Ag/AgCl-based reference electrodes are used in most electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectrochemical devices. However, standard reference electrodes are rather large and do not always fit within electrochemical cells designed for the determination of analytes in low-volume aliquots. Therefore, various designs and improvements in reference electrodes are critical for the future development of electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectrochemical devices. In this study, we explain a procedure to apply common laboratory polyacrylamide hydrogel in a semipermeable junction membrane between the Ag/AgCl reference electrode and the electrochemical cell. During this research, we have created disposable, easily scalable, and reproducible membranes suitable for the design of reference electrodes. Thus, we came up with castable semipermeable membranes for reference electrodes. Performed experiments highlighted the most suitable gel formation conditions to achieve optimal porosity. Here, Cl<sup>−</sup> ion diffusion through the designed polymeric junctions was evaluated. The designed reference electrode was also tested in a three-electrode flow system. The results show that home-built electrodes can compete with commercial products due to low reference electrode potential deviation (~3 mV), long shelf-life (up to six months), good stability, low cost, and disposability. The results show a high response rate, which makes in-house formed polyacrylamide gel junctions good membrane alternatives in the design of reference electrodes, especially for these applications where high-intensity dyes or toxic compounds are used and therefore disposable electrodes are required. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:10:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-671941aebaf8420d9ead5296562278f7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:10:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-671941aebaf8420d9ead5296562278f72023-11-17T08:35:47ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-02-01235251010.3390/s23052510Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference ElectrodeEivydas Andriukonis0Marius Butkevicius1Povilas Simonis2Arunas Ramanavicius3State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaState Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaState Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, LithuaniaCurrently, Ag/AgCl-based reference electrodes are used in most electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectrochemical devices. However, standard reference electrodes are rather large and do not always fit within electrochemical cells designed for the determination of analytes in low-volume aliquots. Therefore, various designs and improvements in reference electrodes are critical for the future development of electrochemical biosensors and other bioelectrochemical devices. In this study, we explain a procedure to apply common laboratory polyacrylamide hydrogel in a semipermeable junction membrane between the Ag/AgCl reference electrode and the electrochemical cell. During this research, we have created disposable, easily scalable, and reproducible membranes suitable for the design of reference electrodes. Thus, we came up with castable semipermeable membranes for reference electrodes. Performed experiments highlighted the most suitable gel formation conditions to achieve optimal porosity. Here, Cl<sup>−</sup> ion diffusion through the designed polymeric junctions was evaluated. The designed reference electrode was also tested in a three-electrode flow system. The results show that home-built electrodes can compete with commercial products due to low reference electrode potential deviation (~3 mV), long shelf-life (up to six months), good stability, low cost, and disposability. The results show a high response rate, which makes in-house formed polyacrylamide gel junctions good membrane alternatives in the design of reference electrodes, especially for these applications where high-intensity dyes or toxic compounds are used and therefore disposable electrodes are required.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2510Ag/AgCl reference electrodechrono amperometrycyclic voltammetryelectrochemistrythree electrode cellpolyacrylamide hydrogel |
| spellingShingle | Eivydas Andriukonis Marius Butkevicius Povilas Simonis Arunas Ramanavicius Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode Sensors Ag/AgCl reference electrode chrono amperometry cyclic voltammetry electrochemistry three electrode cell polyacrylamide hydrogel |
| title | Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode |
| title_full | Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode |
| title_short | Development of a Disposable Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Semipermeable Membrane for Micro Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode |
| title_sort | development of a disposable polyacrylamide hydrogel based semipermeable membrane for micro ag agcl reference electrode |
| topic | Ag/AgCl reference electrode chrono amperometry cyclic voltammetry electrochemistry three electrode cell polyacrylamide hydrogel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2510 |
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