Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors
Norovirus causes a large proportion of pediatric acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, and no vaccines are currently available. To inform public health measures against norovirus gastroenteritis, we assessed risk factors in a case–control study nested in a birth cohort study in Nicaragua. Between J...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/505 |
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| author | Nadja Alexandra Vielot Omar Zepeda Yaoska Reyes Fredman González Jan Vinjé Sylvia Becker-Dreps Filemón Bucardo |
| author_facet | Nadja Alexandra Vielot Omar Zepeda Yaoska Reyes Fredman González Jan Vinjé Sylvia Becker-Dreps Filemón Bucardo |
| author_sort | Nadja Alexandra Vielot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Norovirus causes a large proportion of pediatric acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, and no vaccines are currently available. To inform public health measures against norovirus gastroenteritis, we assessed risk factors in a case–control study nested in a birth cohort study in Nicaragua. Between June 2017 and January 2022, we followed children weekly for AGE episodes, and collected stool specimens from symptomatic children. Risk factors for AGE were collected during routine weekly visits. Norovirus was detected in stools using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and positive specimens were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. We included 40 norovirus-positive AGE children matched 1:2 to controls and conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses of norovirus AGE risk factors. Among typeable norovirus infections, GII.4 were more severe than non-GII.4 (four/twenty-one vs. one/nine) and accounted for all emergency visits and hospitalizations. Adjusted conditional logistic regression found that female sex and higher length-for-age Z score were protective against norovirus AGE; a dirt floor in the home, sharing cups or bottles, and recent contact with someone with AGE symptoms were associated with norovirus AGE, though estimates were highly imprecise. Reducing contact with symptomatic persons and with saliva or other bodily fluids on cups or floors could reduce infant norovirus incidence. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-672bab3a7c3945e3a1d820fd14a575e3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:03:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-672bab3a7c3945e3a1d820fd14a575e32023-11-17T13:10:53ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-03-0112350510.3390/pathogens12030505Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk FactorsNadja Alexandra Vielot0Omar Zepeda1Yaoska Reyes2Fredman González3Jan Vinjé4Sylvia Becker-Dreps5Filemón Bucardo6Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Leon 21000, NicaraguaDepartment of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Leon 21000, NicaraguaDepartment of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Leon 21000, NicaraguaDivision of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USADepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Leon 21000, NicaraguaNorovirus causes a large proportion of pediatric acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, and no vaccines are currently available. To inform public health measures against norovirus gastroenteritis, we assessed risk factors in a case–control study nested in a birth cohort study in Nicaragua. Between June 2017 and January 2022, we followed children weekly for AGE episodes, and collected stool specimens from symptomatic children. Risk factors for AGE were collected during routine weekly visits. Norovirus was detected in stools using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and positive specimens were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. We included 40 norovirus-positive AGE children matched 1:2 to controls and conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses of norovirus AGE risk factors. Among typeable norovirus infections, GII.4 were more severe than non-GII.4 (four/twenty-one vs. one/nine) and accounted for all emergency visits and hospitalizations. Adjusted conditional logistic regression found that female sex and higher length-for-age Z score were protective against norovirus AGE; a dirt floor in the home, sharing cups or bottles, and recent contact with someone with AGE symptoms were associated with norovirus AGE, though estimates were highly imprecise. Reducing contact with symptomatic persons and with saliva or other bodily fluids on cups or floors could reduce infant norovirus incidence.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/505norovirusacute gastroenteritisinfantsNicaragua |
| spellingShingle | Nadja Alexandra Vielot Omar Zepeda Yaoska Reyes Fredman González Jan Vinjé Sylvia Becker-Dreps Filemón Bucardo Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors Pathogens norovirus acute gastroenteritis infants Nicaragua |
| title | Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors |
| title_full | Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors |
| title_fullStr | Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors |
| title_short | Household Surveillance for Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort: A Nested Case—Control Analysis of Norovirus Risk Factors |
| title_sort | household surveillance for norovirus gastroenteritis in a nicaraguan birth cohort a nested case control analysis of norovirus risk factors |
| topic | norovirus acute gastroenteritis infants Nicaragua |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/505 |
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