Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review
Background: In recent years, the attention of the scientific world has focused on a clearance system of brain waste metabolites, called the glymphatic system, based on its similarity to the lymphatic system in peripheral tissue and the relevant role of the AQP4 glial channels and described for the f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9138 |
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| author | Michela Ferrara Giuseppe Bertozzi Gianpietro Volonnino Nicola Di Fazio Paola Frati Luigi Cipolloni Raffaele La Russa Vittorio Fineschi |
| author_facet | Michela Ferrara Giuseppe Bertozzi Gianpietro Volonnino Nicola Di Fazio Paola Frati Luigi Cipolloni Raffaele La Russa Vittorio Fineschi |
| author_sort | Michela Ferrara |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: In recent years, the attention of the scientific world has focused on a clearance system of brain waste metabolites, called the glymphatic system, based on its similarity to the lymphatic system in peripheral tissue and the relevant role of the AQP4 glial channels and described for the first time in 2012. Consequently, numerous studies focused on its role in organ damage in cases of neuropathologies, including TBI. Methods: To evaluate the role that the glymphatic system has in the pathogenesis of TBI, on 23 March 2022, a systematic review of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines was carried out using the SCOPUS and Medline (via PubMed) databases, resulting in 12 articles after the selection process. Discussion and conclusion: The present review demonstrated that an alteration of AQP4 is associated with the accumulation of substances S100b, GFAP, and NSE, known markers of TBI in the forensic field. In addition, the alteration of the functionality of AQP4 favors edema, which, as already described, constitutes alterations of secondary brain injuries. Moreover, specific areas of the brain were demonstrated to be prone to alterations of the glymphatic pathway, suggesting their involvement in post-TBI damage. Therefore, further studies are mandatory. In this regard, a study protocol on cadavers is also proposed, based on the analyzed evidence. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:17:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-674299c60f7649dcaad335009aa6fdba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:17:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-674299c60f7649dcaad335009aa6fdba2023-11-30T21:34:28ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-08-012316913810.3390/ijms23169138Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic ReviewMichela Ferrara0Giuseppe Bertozzi1Gianpietro Volonnino2Nicola Di Fazio3Paola Frati4Luigi Cipolloni5Raffaele La Russa6Vittorio Fineschi7Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, ItalyBackground: In recent years, the attention of the scientific world has focused on a clearance system of brain waste metabolites, called the glymphatic system, based on its similarity to the lymphatic system in peripheral tissue and the relevant role of the AQP4 glial channels and described for the first time in 2012. Consequently, numerous studies focused on its role in organ damage in cases of neuropathologies, including TBI. Methods: To evaluate the role that the glymphatic system has in the pathogenesis of TBI, on 23 March 2022, a systematic review of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines was carried out using the SCOPUS and Medline (via PubMed) databases, resulting in 12 articles after the selection process. Discussion and conclusion: The present review demonstrated that an alteration of AQP4 is associated with the accumulation of substances S100b, GFAP, and NSE, known markers of TBI in the forensic field. In addition, the alteration of the functionality of AQP4 favors edema, which, as already described, constitutes alterations of secondary brain injuries. Moreover, specific areas of the brain were demonstrated to be prone to alterations of the glymphatic pathway, suggesting their involvement in post-TBI damage. Therefore, further studies are mandatory. In this regard, a study protocol on cadavers is also proposed, based on the analyzed evidence.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9138glymphatic systemTBIAQP4 |
| spellingShingle | Michela Ferrara Giuseppe Bertozzi Gianpietro Volonnino Nicola Di Fazio Paola Frati Luigi Cipolloni Raffaele La Russa Vittorio Fineschi Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review International Journal of Molecular Sciences glymphatic system TBI AQP4 |
| title | Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Glymphatic System a Window on TBI Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | glymphatic system a window on tbi pathophysiology a systematic review |
| topic | glymphatic system TBI AQP4 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9138 |
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