Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers
One of the major problems facing humanity in the coming decades is the production of food on a large scale. The production of large quantities of food must be conducted in a sustainable and responsible manner for nature and humans. In this sense, the appropriate application of agricultural pesticide...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1269 |
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| author | Elmer A. G. Peñaloza Vilma A. Oliveira Paulo E. Cruvinel |
| author_facet | Elmer A. G. Peñaloza Vilma A. Oliveira Paulo E. Cruvinel |
| author_sort | Elmer A. G. Peñaloza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the major problems facing humanity in the coming decades is the production of food on a large scale. The production of large quantities of food must be conducted in a sustainable and responsible manner for nature and humans. In this sense, the appropriate application of agricultural pesticides plays a fundamental role since pesticide application in a qualified manner reduces human and environmental risks as well as the costs of food production. Evaluation of the quality of application using sprayers is an important issue, and several quality descriptors related to the average diameter and distribution of droplets are used. This paper describes the construction of a data-driven soft sensor using the parametric principal component regression (PCR) method based on principal component analysis (PCA), which works in two configurations: with the input being the operating conditions of the agricultural boom sprayers and its outputs being the prediction of the quality descriptors of spraying, and vice versa. The soft sensor provides, in one configuration, estimates of the quality of pesticide application at a certain time and, in the other, estimates of the appropriate sprayer-operating conditions, which can be used for control and optimization of the processes in pesticide application. Full cone nozzles are used to illustrate a practical application as well as to validate the usefulness of the soft sensor designed with the PCR method. The selection of historical data, exploration, and filtering of data, and the structure and validation of the soft sensor are presented. For comparison purposes, the results with the well-known nonparametric k-Nearest Neighbor (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>NN) regression method are presented. The results of this research reveal the usefulness of soft sensors in the application of agricultural pesticides and as a knowledge base to assist in agricultural decision-making. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:47:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6750640e1a574813bf91decb1a5fcaf8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:47:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-6750640e1a574813bf91decb1a5fcaf82023-12-03T13:13:50ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-02-01214126910.3390/s21041269Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural SprayersElmer A. G. Peñaloza0Vilma A. Oliveira1Paulo E. Cruvinel2Engineering Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Benjamin Constant, n° 989, Porto, Pelotas 96010-020, RS, BrazilDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, n° 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, BrazilEmbrapa Instrumentation, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rua XV de Novembro, n° 1.452, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, BrazilOne of the major problems facing humanity in the coming decades is the production of food on a large scale. The production of large quantities of food must be conducted in a sustainable and responsible manner for nature and humans. In this sense, the appropriate application of agricultural pesticides plays a fundamental role since pesticide application in a qualified manner reduces human and environmental risks as well as the costs of food production. Evaluation of the quality of application using sprayers is an important issue, and several quality descriptors related to the average diameter and distribution of droplets are used. This paper describes the construction of a data-driven soft sensor using the parametric principal component regression (PCR) method based on principal component analysis (PCA), which works in two configurations: with the input being the operating conditions of the agricultural boom sprayers and its outputs being the prediction of the quality descriptors of spraying, and vice versa. The soft sensor provides, in one configuration, estimates of the quality of pesticide application at a certain time and, in the other, estimates of the appropriate sprayer-operating conditions, which can be used for control and optimization of the processes in pesticide application. Full cone nozzles are used to illustrate a practical application as well as to validate the usefulness of the soft sensor designed with the PCR method. The selection of historical data, exploration, and filtering of data, and the structure and validation of the soft sensor are presented. For comparison purposes, the results with the well-known nonparametric k-Nearest Neighbor (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>NN) regression method are presented. The results of this research reveal the usefulness of soft sensors in the application of agricultural pesticides and as a knowledge base to assist in agricultural decision-making.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1269soft-sensor designinferential sensorsquality of applicationprincipal component analysisK-nearest neighboragricultural sprayers |
| spellingShingle | Elmer A. G. Peñaloza Vilma A. Oliveira Paulo E. Cruvinel Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers Sensors soft-sensor design inferential sensors quality of application principal component analysis K-nearest neighbor agricultural sprayers |
| title | Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers |
| title_full | Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers |
| title_fullStr | Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers |
| title_short | Using Soft Sensors as a Basis of an Innovative Architecture for Operation Planning and Quality Evaluation in Agricultural Sprayers |
| title_sort | using soft sensors as a basis of an innovative architecture for operation planning and quality evaluation in agricultural sprayers |
| topic | soft-sensor design inferential sensors quality of application principal component analysis K-nearest neighbor agricultural sprayers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1269 |
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