Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults
Abstract Background Whether iron intake can affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia is controversial. However, few studies have focused on reducing the risk of CVD in people at risk for dyslipidemia. This study explored the linear relationship and possible nonlinear relationship between...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Lipids in Health and Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02058-4 |
| _version_ | 1797273387736760320 |
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| author | Min Cui Hao Wu Hanmo Zhang Liping Wei Xin Qi |
| author_facet | Min Cui Hao Wu Hanmo Zhang Liping Wei Xin Qi |
| author_sort | Min Cui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Whether iron intake can affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia is controversial. However, few studies have focused on reducing the risk of CVD in people at risk for dyslipidemia. This study explored the linear relationship and possible nonlinear relationship between CVD and dyslipidemia. Methods Dietary data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004 and 2015. The survey included 8173 participants older than 18 years. CVD risk was estimated by the Framingham risk score (FRS). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether iron intake affects CVD incidence and lipid profiles. The nonlinear association was tested with restricted cubic splines (RCSs). Results For males, higher total iron intake [the fifth quintile (Q) vs. Q1 odds ratio (OR): 0.335, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.248–0.453], heme iron intake (OR: 0.679, 95% CI: 0.492–0.937) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.786, 95% CI: 1.226–2.602), high total cholesterol (TC) (OR: 2.404, 95% CI: 1.575–3.669), high triglyceride (TG) (OR: 1.895, 95% CI: 1.423–2.523), and low apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B (ApoA-1/ApoB) risk (OR: 1.514, 95% CI: 1.178–1.945). Moderate non-heme iron intake reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) incidence (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.704, 95% CI: 0.507–0.979). For females, higher total iron intake (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.347, 95% CI: 0.154–0.781) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high LDL-C (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.160–2.170) and high TC incidence (OR: 1.655, 95% CI: 1.187–2.309). Conclusions Men, especially those at risk of developing dyslipidemia, should consume non-heme rather than heme iron to reduce CVD incidence. For women, increased heme iron intake did not reduce CVD incidence. Therefore, women should minimize their heme iron intake to prevent dyslipidemia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:43:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-67523d7b76304fe59545066b885da0e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1476-511X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:43:39Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Lipids in Health and Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-67523d7b76304fe59545066b885da0e82024-03-05T20:07:48ZengBMCLipids in Health and Disease1476-511X2024-03-0123111410.1186/s12944-024-02058-4Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adultsMin Cui0Hao Wu1Hanmo Zhang2Liping Wei3Xin Qi4School of Medicine, Nankai UniversitySchool of Medicine, Nankai UniversitySchool of Medicine, Nankai UniversityDepartment of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical CenterSchool of Medicine, Nankai UniversityAbstract Background Whether iron intake can affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia is controversial. However, few studies have focused on reducing the risk of CVD in people at risk for dyslipidemia. This study explored the linear relationship and possible nonlinear relationship between CVD and dyslipidemia. Methods Dietary data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004 and 2015. The survey included 8173 participants older than 18 years. CVD risk was estimated by the Framingham risk score (FRS). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether iron intake affects CVD incidence and lipid profiles. The nonlinear association was tested with restricted cubic splines (RCSs). Results For males, higher total iron intake [the fifth quintile (Q) vs. Q1 odds ratio (OR): 0.335, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.248–0.453], heme iron intake (OR: 0.679, 95% CI: 0.492–0.937) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.786, 95% CI: 1.226–2.602), high total cholesterol (TC) (OR: 2.404, 95% CI: 1.575–3.669), high triglyceride (TG) (OR: 1.895, 95% CI: 1.423–2.523), and low apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B (ApoA-1/ApoB) risk (OR: 1.514, 95% CI: 1.178–1.945). Moderate non-heme iron intake reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) incidence (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.704, 95% CI: 0.507–0.979). For females, higher total iron intake (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.347, 95% CI: 0.154–0.781) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high LDL-C (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.160–2.170) and high TC incidence (OR: 1.655, 95% CI: 1.187–2.309). Conclusions Men, especially those at risk of developing dyslipidemia, should consume non-heme rather than heme iron to reduce CVD incidence. For women, increased heme iron intake did not reduce CVD incidence. Therefore, women should minimize their heme iron intake to prevent dyslipidemia.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02058-4Iron intakeCardiovascular disease riskRestricted cubic splineDyslipidemia |
| spellingShingle | Min Cui Hao Wu Hanmo Zhang Liping Wei Xin Qi Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults Lipids in Health and Disease Iron intake Cardiovascular disease risk Restricted cubic spline Dyslipidemia |
| title | Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults |
| title_full | Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults |
| title_fullStr | Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults |
| title_short | Associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults |
| title_sort | associations of dietary iron intake with cardiovascular disease risk and dyslipidemia among chinese adults |
| topic | Iron intake Cardiovascular disease risk Restricted cubic spline Dyslipidemia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02058-4 |
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