Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Iron is an essential cofactor needed for normal functions of various enzymes and its depletion lead to increase DNA damage, genomic instability, deteriorate innate, adaptive immunity, and promote tumor development. It is also linked to tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells through enhancing mammary t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SAGE Publishing
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Cancer Informatics |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1177/11769351231172589 |
| _version_ | 1797823283006013440 |
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| author | Mohammad Al Khamees Aymen A Alqurain Abdulmonem A Alsaleh Yousef A Alhashem Nida AlSaffar Noura N Alibrahim Fardus A Aljunibi Zaheda Alradwan Nesreen Almohammade Bader AlAlwan |
| author_facet | Mohammad Al Khamees Aymen A Alqurain Abdulmonem A Alsaleh Yousef A Alhashem Nida AlSaffar Noura N Alibrahim Fardus A Aljunibi Zaheda Alradwan Nesreen Almohammade Bader AlAlwan |
| author_sort | Mohammad Al Khamees |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron is an essential cofactor needed for normal functions of various enzymes and its depletion lead to increase DNA damage, genomic instability, deteriorate innate, adaptive immunity, and promote tumor development. It is also linked to tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells through enhancing mammary tumor growth and metastasis. There is insufficient data describing this association in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and its association with breast cancer among premenopausal and postmenopausal women referred for breast cancer screening center in Al Ahsa, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Age, hemoglobin level, iron level, history of anemia, or iron deficiency were collected from patients’ medical records. The included participants were grouped based on their age into premenopausal (<50 years) or postmenopausal (⩾50 years). The definition of low Hb implemented (Hb below 12 g/dL) and low total serum Iron levels (below 8 μmol/L). Logistic regression test was used to compute the association between having a positive cancer screening test (radiological or histocytological) and participant’s lab results. The results are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Thrree hundred fifty-seven women were included, 77% (n = 274) of them were premenopausal. This group cases had more history of iron deficiency (149 [60%] vs 25 (30%), P = .001) compared to those in the postmenopausal group. The risk of having a positive radiological cancer screening test was associated with age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), but negatively was associated with iron level (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) among the entire cohort. This study is the first to propose an association between iron deficiency and breast cancer among Saudi young females. This could suggest iron level as a new risk factor that may be used by clinicians to assess breast cancer risk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:21:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6786973f7e2b48a98ddc700a31815905 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1176-9351 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:21:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | SAGE Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancer Informatics |
| spelling | doaj.art-6786973f7e2b48a98ddc700a318159052023-05-20T06:03:24ZengSAGE PublishingCancer Informatics1176-93512023-05-012210.1177/11769351231172589Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaMohammad Al Khamees0Aymen A Alqurain1Abdulmonem A Alsaleh2Yousef A Alhashem3Nida AlSaffar4Noura N Alibrahim5Fardus A Aljunibi6Zaheda Alradwan7Nesreen Almohammade8Bader AlAlwan9Clinical Laboratory Department, King Fahad Hospital Hoffuf, Hoffuf, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaFoundation Year Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaIron is an essential cofactor needed for normal functions of various enzymes and its depletion lead to increase DNA damage, genomic instability, deteriorate innate, adaptive immunity, and promote tumor development. It is also linked to tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells through enhancing mammary tumor growth and metastasis. There is insufficient data describing this association in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and its association with breast cancer among premenopausal and postmenopausal women referred for breast cancer screening center in Al Ahsa, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Age, hemoglobin level, iron level, history of anemia, or iron deficiency were collected from patients’ medical records. The included participants were grouped based on their age into premenopausal (<50 years) or postmenopausal (⩾50 years). The definition of low Hb implemented (Hb below 12 g/dL) and low total serum Iron levels (below 8 μmol/L). Logistic regression test was used to compute the association between having a positive cancer screening test (radiological or histocytological) and participant’s lab results. The results are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Thrree hundred fifty-seven women were included, 77% (n = 274) of them were premenopausal. This group cases had more history of iron deficiency (149 [60%] vs 25 (30%), P = .001) compared to those in the postmenopausal group. The risk of having a positive radiological cancer screening test was associated with age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), but negatively was associated with iron level (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) among the entire cohort. This study is the first to propose an association between iron deficiency and breast cancer among Saudi young females. This could suggest iron level as a new risk factor that may be used by clinicians to assess breast cancer risk.https://doi.org/10.1177/11769351231172589 |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Al Khamees Aymen A Alqurain Abdulmonem A Alsaleh Yousef A Alhashem Nida AlSaffar Noura N Alibrahim Fardus A Aljunibi Zaheda Alradwan Nesreen Almohammade Bader AlAlwan Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Cancer Informatics |
| title | Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia |
| title_full | Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia |
| title_short | Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia |
| title_sort | prevalence of iron deficiency and its association with breast cancer in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal women in al ahsa saudi arabia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1177/11769351231172589 |
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