Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review
The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic st...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/947 |
| _version_ | 1797539754278912000 |
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| author | Izabela Szczerbal Marek Switonski |
| author_facet | Izabela Szczerbal Marek Switonski |
| author_sort | Izabela Szczerbal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:50:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-67a637c5c75d4b25aaaadf25f6548698 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:50:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-67a637c5c75d4b25aaaadf25f65486982023-11-21T13:06:21ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-03-0111494710.3390/ani11040947Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A ReviewIzabela Szczerbal0Marek Switonski1Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, PolandThe dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/947aneuploidycancer cytogeneticscentric fusionchimerismdisorder of sex developmentfreemartinism |
| spellingShingle | Izabela Szczerbal Marek Switonski Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review Animals aneuploidy cancer cytogenetics centric fusion chimerism disorder of sex development freemartinism |
| title | Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review |
| title_full | Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review |
| title_short | Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review |
| title_sort | clinical cytogenetics of the dog a review |
| topic | aneuploidy cancer cytogenetics centric fusion chimerism disorder of sex development freemartinism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/947 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT izabelaszczerbal clinicalcytogeneticsofthedogareview AT marekswitonski clinicalcytogeneticsofthedogareview |