The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity
Rivers are a source of life. However, these past years, the sustainability of rivers around the world has been threatened by urbanization, industrialization, and rapid development. These activities put pressure on waterway systems and rivers, leading to the emergence of riverine litter. The lack of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3450 |
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| author | Nur Fatin Nabilah Adzhar Latifah Abd Manaf Noor Azwani Azmar Aimi Nadhirah Roslan Milad Bagheri Sunday Yusuf Kpalo Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat Amin Beiranvand Pour |
| author_facet | Nur Fatin Nabilah Adzhar Latifah Abd Manaf Noor Azwani Azmar Aimi Nadhirah Roslan Milad Bagheri Sunday Yusuf Kpalo Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat Amin Beiranvand Pour |
| author_sort | Nur Fatin Nabilah Adzhar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rivers are a source of life. However, these past years, the sustainability of rivers around the world has been threatened by urbanization, industrialization, and rapid development. These activities put pressure on waterway systems and rivers, leading to the emergence of riverine litter. The lack of understanding of the migration of litter in rivers can affect the decision-making efficiency of policymakers when it comes to riverine litter management. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the travel time for different densities of Floatable Litter (FL) in rivers influenced by river flow velocity. The density of the selected FL was manually determined by assessing litter characteristics of mass, volume, and size. The Sg. Berkelah river in Pahang, Malaysia was used as the simulation medium for the sampling of FL travel time utilizing the extrapolation of the Time of Travel (ToT) approach. The ToT technique utilizes a 30 m distance. The sampling was done under three different river flow velocity conditions. In this study, a correlation analysis between these two variables was carried out and evaluated. The results revealed that magazine papers possess the fastest FL travel time, with T = 43.93 s when v = 0.230 m/s, while cloth possesses the slowest FL travel time, with T = 204.90 s when v = 0.167 m/s. The travel time of FL is not influenced by low-class density, <i>p</i> < 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, but by other factors that have a stronger influence on the travel time of horizontally migrated litter. This study provides a basic understanding and overview of FL migrating characteristics in rivers for further reference by local authorities for litter monitoring and also future riverine litter studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:59:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-67add75d8db74e578840296b230aa0ac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:59:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-67add75d8db74e578840296b230aa0ac2023-11-17T09:21:55ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-03-01136345010.3390/app13063450The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow VelocityNur Fatin Nabilah Adzhar0Latifah Abd Manaf1Noor Azwani Azmar2Aimi Nadhirah Roslan3Milad Bagheri4Sunday Yusuf Kpalo5Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat6Amin Beiranvand Pour7Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaFaculty of Environmental Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi 961101, NigeriaInstitute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, MalaysiaInstitute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, MalaysiaRivers are a source of life. However, these past years, the sustainability of rivers around the world has been threatened by urbanization, industrialization, and rapid development. These activities put pressure on waterway systems and rivers, leading to the emergence of riverine litter. The lack of understanding of the migration of litter in rivers can affect the decision-making efficiency of policymakers when it comes to riverine litter management. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the travel time for different densities of Floatable Litter (FL) in rivers influenced by river flow velocity. The density of the selected FL was manually determined by assessing litter characteristics of mass, volume, and size. The Sg. Berkelah river in Pahang, Malaysia was used as the simulation medium for the sampling of FL travel time utilizing the extrapolation of the Time of Travel (ToT) approach. The ToT technique utilizes a 30 m distance. The sampling was done under three different river flow velocity conditions. In this study, a correlation analysis between these two variables was carried out and evaluated. The results revealed that magazine papers possess the fastest FL travel time, with T = 43.93 s when v = 0.230 m/s, while cloth possesses the slowest FL travel time, with T = 204.90 s when v = 0.167 m/s. The travel time of FL is not influenced by low-class density, <i>p</i> < 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, but by other factors that have a stronger influence on the travel time of horizontally migrated litter. This study provides a basic understanding and overview of FL migrating characteristics in rivers for further reference by local authorities for litter monitoring and also future riverine litter studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3450floatable litterriverine littermigrationdensitytravel time |
| spellingShingle | Nur Fatin Nabilah Adzhar Latifah Abd Manaf Noor Azwani Azmar Aimi Nadhirah Roslan Milad Bagheri Sunday Yusuf Kpalo Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat Amin Beiranvand Pour The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity Applied Sciences floatable litter riverine litter migration density travel time |
| title | The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity |
| title_full | The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity |
| title_fullStr | The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity |
| title_short | The Travel Time of Floatable Litter of Different Densities Influenced by River Flow Velocity |
| title_sort | travel time of floatable litter of different densities influenced by river flow velocity |
| topic | floatable litter riverine litter migration density travel time |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3450 |
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