Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging
Background: exposure to environmental contaminants has been linked to an increased risk of neurological diseases and poor outcomes. Chemical name of Atrazine (ATR) is 6-chloro-<i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and it is the most commonly use...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/15/7938 |
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| author | Tiziana Genovese Rosalba Siracusa Roberta Fusco Ramona D’Amico Daniela Impellizzeri Alessio Filippo Peritore Rosalia Crupi Enrico Gugliandolo Rossana Morabito Salvatore Cuzzocrea Angela Trovato Salinaro Marika Cordaro Rosanna Di Paola |
| author_facet | Tiziana Genovese Rosalba Siracusa Roberta Fusco Ramona D’Amico Daniela Impellizzeri Alessio Filippo Peritore Rosalia Crupi Enrico Gugliandolo Rossana Morabito Salvatore Cuzzocrea Angela Trovato Salinaro Marika Cordaro Rosanna Di Paola |
| author_sort | Tiziana Genovese |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: exposure to environmental contaminants has been linked to an increased risk of neurological diseases and poor outcomes. Chemical name of Atrazine (ATR) is 6-chloro-<i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and it is the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicide in agricultural crops. Several studies have demonstrated that ATR has the potential to be harmful to the brain’s neuronal circuits. Until today nobody has explored the effect of ATR inhalation on young and aged mice. Methods: young and aged mice were subject to 25 mg of ATR in a vehicle made with saline and 10% of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) every day for 28 days. At the end of experiment different behavioral test were made and brain was collected. Results: exposure to ATR induced the same response in terms of behavioral alterations and motor and memory impairment in mice but in aged group was more marked. Additionally, in both young and aged mice ATR inhalations induced oxidative stress with impairment in physiological antioxidant response, lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (nf-κb) pathways activation with consequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines release and apoptosis. However, the older group was shown to be more sensitive to ATR inhalation. Conclusions: our results showed that aged mice were more susceptible compared to young mice to air pollutants exposure, put in place a minor physiologically response was seen when exposed to it. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:14:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-67b00e2a7d3441bb81bcabad27d76c10 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:14:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-67b00e2a7d3441bb81bcabad27d76c102023-11-22T05:40:49ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-07-012215793810.3390/ijms22157938Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain AgingTiziana Genovese0Rosalba Siracusa1Roberta Fusco2Ramona D’Amico3Daniela Impellizzeri4Alessio Filippo Peritore5Rosalia Crupi6Enrico Gugliandolo7Rossana Morabito8Salvatore Cuzzocrea9Angela Trovato Salinaro10Marika Cordaro11Rosanna Di Paola12Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyBackground: exposure to environmental contaminants has been linked to an increased risk of neurological diseases and poor outcomes. Chemical name of Atrazine (ATR) is 6-chloro-<i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and it is the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicide in agricultural crops. Several studies have demonstrated that ATR has the potential to be harmful to the brain’s neuronal circuits. Until today nobody has explored the effect of ATR inhalation on young and aged mice. Methods: young and aged mice were subject to 25 mg of ATR in a vehicle made with saline and 10% of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) every day for 28 days. At the end of experiment different behavioral test were made and brain was collected. Results: exposure to ATR induced the same response in terms of behavioral alterations and motor and memory impairment in mice but in aged group was more marked. Additionally, in both young and aged mice ATR inhalations induced oxidative stress with impairment in physiological antioxidant response, lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (nf-κb) pathways activation with consequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines release and apoptosis. However, the older group was shown to be more sensitive to ATR inhalation. Conclusions: our results showed that aged mice were more susceptible compared to young mice to air pollutants exposure, put in place a minor physiologically response was seen when exposed to it.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/15/7938atrazineendocrine disruptoroxidative stressinflammationbrain alterationsaging |
| spellingShingle | Tiziana Genovese Rosalba Siracusa Roberta Fusco Ramona D’Amico Daniela Impellizzeri Alessio Filippo Peritore Rosalia Crupi Enrico Gugliandolo Rossana Morabito Salvatore Cuzzocrea Angela Trovato Salinaro Marika Cordaro Rosanna Di Paola Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging International Journal of Molecular Sciences atrazine endocrine disruptor oxidative stress inflammation brain alterations aging |
| title | Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging |
| title_full | Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging |
| title_fullStr | Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging |
| title_short | Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging |
| title_sort | atrazine inhalation causes neuroinflammation apoptosis and accelerating brain aging |
| topic | atrazine endocrine disruptor oxidative stress inflammation brain alterations aging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/15/7938 |
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