Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness
This study focuses on evaluating the positioning accuracy of smartphones in a deciduous forest environment compared to various levels of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) devices. In a mixed coniferous forest with 90% broad-leaved forest (deciduous season), the accuracy of 57 test points was...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Forests |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1591 |
| _version_ | 1797473286220677120 |
|---|---|
| author | Jiefan Huang Yingyu Guo Xuan Li Ning Zhang Jiang Jiang Guangyu Wang |
| author_facet | Jiefan Huang Yingyu Guo Xuan Li Ning Zhang Jiang Jiang Guangyu Wang |
| author_sort | Jiefan Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study focuses on evaluating the positioning accuracy of smartphones in a deciduous forest environment compared to various levels of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) devices. In a mixed coniferous forest with 90% broad-leaved forest (deciduous season), the accuracy of 57 test points was evaluated according to different openness levels under the forest. Taking the coordinates obtained by survey-grade GNSS devices in RTK (Real-time Kinematic) mode as standard, the accuracy of the single-point positioning (SPP) mode and precise-point positioning (PPP) mode obtained by three smartphones (one single frequency and two dual frequency), one survey-grade receiver and one recreational-grade receiver are compared. It can be found that there was a significant positive correlation between canopy openness and carrier-to-noise density(C/N0) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Meanwhile, the C/N0 of survey-grade devices is significantly higher than that of smartphones. The results show that the positioning accuracy of dual-frequency smartphones under forests is better than that of single-frequency smartphones. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of the smartphone corrected by PPP mode is better than that of the recreational-grade GNSS receiver and can achieve an accuracy of about 2.5 m in the horizontal direction, which can be used for forestry stakeout, reset and determination of forest area boundaries in environments with high openness (R > 0.7). However, in an environment with low openness (R < 0.7) and relatively complex forest area positioning, survey-grade GNSS devices are still required to cooperate with the PPP or real-time differential positioning method to obtain accurate sub-meter-level positioning data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6805a052e19042e9a8bd2d9737468d48 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-6805a052e19042e9a8bd2d9737468d482023-11-24T00:09:41ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-09-011310159110.3390/f13101591Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy OpennessJiefan Huang0Yingyu Guo1Xuan Li2Ning Zhang3Jiang Jiang4Guangyu Wang5Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaCollege of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, ChinaFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaSchool of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaThis study focuses on evaluating the positioning accuracy of smartphones in a deciduous forest environment compared to various levels of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) devices. In a mixed coniferous forest with 90% broad-leaved forest (deciduous season), the accuracy of 57 test points was evaluated according to different openness levels under the forest. Taking the coordinates obtained by survey-grade GNSS devices in RTK (Real-time Kinematic) mode as standard, the accuracy of the single-point positioning (SPP) mode and precise-point positioning (PPP) mode obtained by three smartphones (one single frequency and two dual frequency), one survey-grade receiver and one recreational-grade receiver are compared. It can be found that there was a significant positive correlation between canopy openness and carrier-to-noise density(C/N0) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Meanwhile, the C/N0 of survey-grade devices is significantly higher than that of smartphones. The results show that the positioning accuracy of dual-frequency smartphones under forests is better than that of single-frequency smartphones. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of the smartphone corrected by PPP mode is better than that of the recreational-grade GNSS receiver and can achieve an accuracy of about 2.5 m in the horizontal direction, which can be used for forestry stakeout, reset and determination of forest area boundaries in environments with high openness (R > 0.7). However, in an environment with low openness (R < 0.7) and relatively complex forest area positioning, survey-grade GNSS devices are still required to cooperate with the PPP or real-time differential positioning method to obtain accurate sub-meter-level positioning data.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1591canopy opennesssmartphoneGNSS receiverpositioning accuracysingle-point positioningprecise-point positioning |
| spellingShingle | Jiefan Huang Yingyu Guo Xuan Li Ning Zhang Jiang Jiang Guangyu Wang Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness Forests canopy openness smartphone GNSS receiver positioning accuracy single-point positioning precise-point positioning |
| title | Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness |
| title_full | Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness |
| title_short | Evaluation of Positioning Accuracy of Smartphones under Different Canopy Openness |
| title_sort | evaluation of positioning accuracy of smartphones under different canopy openness |
| topic | canopy openness smartphone GNSS receiver positioning accuracy single-point positioning precise-point positioning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/10/1591 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jiefanhuang evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness AT yingyuguo evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness AT xuanli evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness AT ningzhang evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness AT jiangjiang evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness AT guangyuwang evaluationofpositioningaccuracyofsmartphonesunderdifferentcanopyopenness |