Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link
<i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> Link is a cosmopolitan species, and it has been described as both an in vitro and in vivo antagonist of many fungal pathogens of plants. However, there are no clear reports about the interactions between <i>E. nigrum</i> and various plant species, and...
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1691 |
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| author | Rafał Ogórek Katarzyna Przywara Agata Piecuch Magdalena Cal Agnieszka Lejman Krzysztof Matkowski |
| author_facet | Rafał Ogórek Katarzyna Przywara Agata Piecuch Magdalena Cal Agnieszka Lejman Krzysztof Matkowski |
| author_sort | Rafał Ogórek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> Link is a cosmopolitan species, and it has been described as both an in vitro and in vivo antagonist of many fungal pathogens of plants. However, there are no clear reports about the interactions between <i>E. nigrum</i> and various plant species, and about the effects of culture filtrates produced by this fungus on plants. Therefore, we assessed the interactions between <i>E. nigrum</i> and different plant species, such as sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. ssp. <i>vulgaris</i>), spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), red clover (<i>Trifolium pratense</i> L.), and winter oilseed rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of <i>E. nigrum</i> culture filtrates on garden cress (<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.). Our study showed that the <i>E. nigrum</i> strains varied in terms of the color of excreted culture filtrates and showed different interactions with garden cress. Overall, fungal strains only affected adversely the sprout length in a significant way and, partially, the growth of the tested plant. In addition, we confirmed the suitability of the garden cress as a test plant in in vitro toxicological tests. Most strains of <i>E. nigrum</i> (61.1%) secreted enzymes expected to participate mainly in the later stages of the infection (amylases and proteases) and not those expected to operate in the early phases of host penetration (cellulases and pectinases) that were secreted by 33.3% of fungal strains. The group of pectinolytic enzymes represented the catalysts with the highest activity. Host specialization tests showed that <i>E. nigrum</i> was mainly re-isolated from the plant surface and the number of infected seedlings as well as the disease index depended on a studied plant species, with sugar beet and red clover being most sensitive to infection. In turn, the lowest value of the disease index caused by <i>E. nigrum</i> strains was recorded for spring wheat and winter oilseed rape. Overall, statistically significant differences in the growth of plant seedlings during the host specialization test were noted only for sugar beet and red clover seedlings. The seedlings of plants in the control group (without fungal inoculum) exhibited an increased length compared to those treated with <i>E. nigrum</i> inoculum. Our studies also showed that <i>E. nigrum</i> is probably a facultative saprotroph of plants and it may winter on red clover, which is presumably its main reservoirs, among the species considered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:24:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68105f81dd2d4550bd7e0731b2aa0bb9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:24:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-68105f81dd2d4550bd7e0731b2aa0bb92023-11-20T23:08:32ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-12-01912169110.3390/plants9121691Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> LinkRafał Ogórek0Katarzyna Przywara1Agata Piecuch2Magdalena Cal3Agnieszka Lejman4Krzysztof Matkowski5Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, PolandInstitute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 53-363 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 53-363 Wrocław, Poland<i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> Link is a cosmopolitan species, and it has been described as both an in vitro and in vivo antagonist of many fungal pathogens of plants. However, there are no clear reports about the interactions between <i>E. nigrum</i> and various plant species, and about the effects of culture filtrates produced by this fungus on plants. Therefore, we assessed the interactions between <i>E. nigrum</i> and different plant species, such as sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. ssp. <i>vulgaris</i>), spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), red clover (<i>Trifolium pratense</i> L.), and winter oilseed rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of <i>E. nigrum</i> culture filtrates on garden cress (<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.). Our study showed that the <i>E. nigrum</i> strains varied in terms of the color of excreted culture filtrates and showed different interactions with garden cress. Overall, fungal strains only affected adversely the sprout length in a significant way and, partially, the growth of the tested plant. In addition, we confirmed the suitability of the garden cress as a test plant in in vitro toxicological tests. Most strains of <i>E. nigrum</i> (61.1%) secreted enzymes expected to participate mainly in the later stages of the infection (amylases and proteases) and not those expected to operate in the early phases of host penetration (cellulases and pectinases) that were secreted by 33.3% of fungal strains. The group of pectinolytic enzymes represented the catalysts with the highest activity. Host specialization tests showed that <i>E. nigrum</i> was mainly re-isolated from the plant surface and the number of infected seedlings as well as the disease index depended on a studied plant species, with sugar beet and red clover being most sensitive to infection. In turn, the lowest value of the disease index caused by <i>E. nigrum</i> strains was recorded for spring wheat and winter oilseed rape. Overall, statistically significant differences in the growth of plant seedlings during the host specialization test were noted only for sugar beet and red clover seedlings. The seedlings of plants in the control group (without fungal inoculum) exhibited an increased length compared to those treated with <i>E. nigrum</i> inoculum. Our studies also showed that <i>E. nigrum</i> is probably a facultative saprotroph of plants and it may winter on red clover, which is presumably its main reservoirs, among the species considered.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1691<i>Epicoccum nigrum</i>culture filtratesplantplant–fungal interactions |
| spellingShingle | Rafał Ogórek Katarzyna Przywara Agata Piecuch Magdalena Cal Agnieszka Lejman Krzysztof Matkowski Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link Plants <i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> culture filtrates plant plant–fungal interactions |
| title | Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link |
| title_full | Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link |
| title_fullStr | Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link |
| title_short | Plant–Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of <i>Epicoccoum nigrum</i> Link |
| title_sort | plant fungal interactions a case study of i epicoccoum nigrum i link |
| topic | <i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> culture filtrates plant plant–fungal interactions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1691 |
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