Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples
Abstract Background There is an increasing interest in finding less costly and burdensome alternatives to measuring population-level salt intake than 24-h urine collection, such as spot urine samples. However, little is known about their usefulness in developing countries like Fiji and Samoa. The pu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrition Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12937-019-0484-9 |
| _version_ | 1818034337825685504 |
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| author | Joseph Alvin Santos Emalie Rosewarne Martyna Hogendorf Kathy Trieu Arti Pillay Merina Ieremia Leausa Toleafoa Take Naseri Isimeli Tukana Wendy Snowdon Kristina Petersen Jacqui Webster |
| author_facet | Joseph Alvin Santos Emalie Rosewarne Martyna Hogendorf Kathy Trieu Arti Pillay Merina Ieremia Leausa Toleafoa Take Naseri Isimeli Tukana Wendy Snowdon Kristina Petersen Jacqui Webster |
| author_sort | Joseph Alvin Santos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background There is an increasing interest in finding less costly and burdensome alternatives to measuring population-level salt intake than 24-h urine collection, such as spot urine samples. However, little is known about their usefulness in developing countries like Fiji and Samoa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of spot urine samples to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa. Methods The study involved secondary analyses of urine data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Fiji and Samoa between 2012 and 2016. Mean salt intake was estimated from spot urine samples using six equations, and compared with the measured salt intake from 24-h urine samples. Differences and agreement between the two methods were examined through paired samples t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, and Bland-Altman plots and analyses. Results A total of 414 participants from Fiji and 725 participants from Samoa were included. Unweighted mean salt intake based on 24-h urine collection was 10.58 g/day (95% CI 9.95 to 11.22) in Fiji and 7.09 g/day (95% CI 6.83 to 7.36) in Samoa. In both samples, the INTERSALT equation with potassium produced the closest salt intake estimate to the 24-h urine (difference of − 0.92 g/day, 95% CI − 1.67 to − 0.18 in the Fiji sample and + 1.53 g/day, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.77 in the Samoa sample). The presence of proportional bias was evident for all equations except for the Kawasaki equation. Conclusion These data suggest that additional studies where both 24-h urine and spot urine samples are collected are needed to further assess whether methods based on spot urine samples can be confidently used to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T06:37:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6812c87ee8ee4ee29f608e32687e31b1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2891 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T06:37:34Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrition Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-6812c87ee8ee4ee29f608e32687e31b12022-12-22T01:58:53ZengBMCNutrition Journal1475-28912019-09-011811910.1186/s12937-019-0484-9Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samplesJoseph Alvin Santos0Emalie Rosewarne1Martyna Hogendorf2Kathy Trieu3Arti Pillay4Merina Ieremia5Leausa Toleafoa Take Naseri6Isimeli Tukana7Wendy Snowdon8Kristina Petersen9Jacqui Webster10The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesPacific Research Centre for the Prevention of Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Fiji National UniversityMinistry of Health SamoaMinistry of Health SamoaNational Wellness Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical ServicesGlobal Obesity Centre, Deakin UniversityThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesThe George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South WalesAbstract Background There is an increasing interest in finding less costly and burdensome alternatives to measuring population-level salt intake than 24-h urine collection, such as spot urine samples. However, little is known about their usefulness in developing countries like Fiji and Samoa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of spot urine samples to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa. Methods The study involved secondary analyses of urine data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Fiji and Samoa between 2012 and 2016. Mean salt intake was estimated from spot urine samples using six equations, and compared with the measured salt intake from 24-h urine samples. Differences and agreement between the two methods were examined through paired samples t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, and Bland-Altman plots and analyses. Results A total of 414 participants from Fiji and 725 participants from Samoa were included. Unweighted mean salt intake based on 24-h urine collection was 10.58 g/day (95% CI 9.95 to 11.22) in Fiji and 7.09 g/day (95% CI 6.83 to 7.36) in Samoa. In both samples, the INTERSALT equation with potassium produced the closest salt intake estimate to the 24-h urine (difference of − 0.92 g/day, 95% CI − 1.67 to − 0.18 in the Fiji sample and + 1.53 g/day, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.77 in the Samoa sample). The presence of proportional bias was evident for all equations except for the Kawasaki equation. Conclusion These data suggest that additional studies where both 24-h urine and spot urine samples are collected are needed to further assess whether methods based on spot urine samples can be confidently used to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12937-019-0484-9Spot urine24-h urineSalt intakeFijiSamoa |
| spellingShingle | Joseph Alvin Santos Emalie Rosewarne Martyna Hogendorf Kathy Trieu Arti Pillay Merina Ieremia Leausa Toleafoa Take Naseri Isimeli Tukana Wendy Snowdon Kristina Petersen Jacqui Webster Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples Nutrition Journal Spot urine 24-h urine Salt intake Fiji Samoa |
| title | Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples |
| title_full | Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples |
| title_fullStr | Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples |
| title_short | Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples |
| title_sort | estimating mean population salt intake in fiji and samoa using spot urine samples |
| topic | Spot urine 24-h urine Salt intake Fiji Samoa |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12937-019-0484-9 |
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