TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/876 |
| _version_ | 1797524640701087744 |
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| author | Desh Deepak Singh Dharmendra Kumar Yadav |
| author_facet | Desh Deepak Singh Dharmendra Kumar Yadav |
| author_sort | Desh Deepak Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cell signaling and receptor-specific targets are reportedly effective in patients with TNBC under specific clinical conditions. However, most of these cancers are unresponsive, and there is a requirement for more effective treatment modalities. Further, there is a lack of effective biomarkers that can distinguish TNBC from other BC subtypes. ER, PR, and HER2 help identify TNBC and are widely used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to diverse therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible treatment options for TNBC based on its inherent subtype receptors and pathways, such as p53 signaling, AKT signaling, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, and programmed cell death, which play essential roles at multiple stages of TNBC development. We focus on poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, androgen receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the application of nanomedicine and immunotherapy in TNBC and discuss their potential applications in drug development for TNBC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:59:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6819beae44104ab2a4ab54f3cb9e1d2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:59:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-6819beae44104ab2a4ab54f3cb9e1d2c2023-11-22T06:51:22ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-07-019887610.3390/biomedicines9080876TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and ImmunotherapyDesh Deepak Singh0Dharmendra Kumar Yadav1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21924, KoreaTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cell signaling and receptor-specific targets are reportedly effective in patients with TNBC under specific clinical conditions. However, most of these cancers are unresponsive, and there is a requirement for more effective treatment modalities. Further, there is a lack of effective biomarkers that can distinguish TNBC from other BC subtypes. ER, PR, and HER2 help identify TNBC and are widely used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to diverse therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible treatment options for TNBC based on its inherent subtype receptors and pathways, such as p53 signaling, AKT signaling, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, and programmed cell death, which play essential roles at multiple stages of TNBC development. We focus on poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, androgen receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the application of nanomedicine and immunotherapy in TNBC and discuss their potential applications in drug development for TNBC.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/876triple-negative breast cancertherapeutic targetsignaling pathwayclinical trial |
| spellingShingle | Desh Deepak Singh Dharmendra Kumar Yadav TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy Biomedicines triple-negative breast cancer therapeutic target signaling pathway clinical trial |
| title | TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy |
| title_full | TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy |
| title_fullStr | TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy |
| title_short | TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy |
| title_sort | tnbc potential targeting of multiple receptors for a therapeutic breakthrough nanomedicine and immunotherapy |
| topic | triple-negative breast cancer therapeutic target signaling pathway clinical trial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/8/876 |
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