| Summary: | In the process of discovering more neural-system-related bioactive compounds from <i>Xylaria nigripes</i>, xylariamino acid A (<b>1</b>), a new amino acid derivative, and a new isovaleric acid phenethyl ester (<b>2</b>) were isolated and identified. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by analyses of IR, HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopic data, and gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculation, as well as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective effects against damage to PC12 cells by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> can increase the viability of OGD-induced PC12 cells at all tested concentrations. Moreover, compound <b>2</b> (1 μmol L<sup>−1</sup>) can significantly reduce the percentage of apoptotic cells.
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