Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes?
Down syndrome is a well-studied aneuploidy condition in humans, which is associated with various disease phenotypes including cardiovascular, neurological, haematological and immunological disease processes. This review paper aims to discuss the research conducted on gene expression studies during f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2968 |
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| author | Laura R. Chapman Isabela V. P. Ramnarine Dan Zemke Arshad Majid Simon M. Bell |
| author_facet | Laura R. Chapman Isabela V. P. Ramnarine Dan Zemke Arshad Majid Simon M. Bell |
| author_sort | Laura R. Chapman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Down syndrome is a well-studied aneuploidy condition in humans, which is associated with various disease phenotypes including cardiovascular, neurological, haematological and immunological disease processes. This review paper aims to discuss the research conducted on gene expression studies during fetal development. A descriptive review was conducted, encompassing all papers published on the PubMed database between September 1960 and September 2022. We found that in amniotic fluid, certain genes such as <i>COL6A1</i> and <i>DSCR1</i> were found to be affected, resulting in phenotypical craniofacial changes. Additionally, other genes such as <i>GSTT1</i>, <i>CLIC6</i>, <i>ITGB2</i>, <i>C21orf67</i>, <i>C21orf86</i> and <i>RUNX1</i> were also identified to be affected in the amniotic fluid. In the placenta, dysregulation of genes like <i>MEST</i>, <i>SNF1LK</i> and <i>LOX</i> was observed, which in turn affected nervous system development. In the brain, dysregulation of genes <i>DYRK1A</i>, <i>DNMT3L</i>, <i>DNMT3B</i>, <i>TBX1</i>, <i>olig2</i> and <i>AQP4</i> has been shown to contribute to intellectual disability. In the cardiac tissues, dysregulated expression of genes <i>GART</i>, <i>ETS2</i> and <i>ERG</i> was found to cause abnormalities. Furthermore, dysregulation of <i>XIST</i>, <i>RUNX1</i>, <i>SON</i>, <i>ERG</i> and <i>STAT1</i> was observed, contributing to myeloproliferative disorders. Understanding the differential expression of genes provides insights into the genetic consequences of DS. A better understanding of these processes could potentially pave the way for the development of genetic and pharmacological therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:27:43Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:27:43Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-68864318201c410eba00265c0c9784e82024-03-12T16:47:04ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-03-01255296810.3390/ijms25052968Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes?Laura R. Chapman0Isabela V. P. Ramnarine1Dan Zemke2Arshad Majid3Simon M. Bell4Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Clarkson St, Sheffield S10 2TH, UKSheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2GF, UKSheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2GF, UKSheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2GF, UKSheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2GF, UKDown syndrome is a well-studied aneuploidy condition in humans, which is associated with various disease phenotypes including cardiovascular, neurological, haematological and immunological disease processes. This review paper aims to discuss the research conducted on gene expression studies during fetal development. A descriptive review was conducted, encompassing all papers published on the PubMed database between September 1960 and September 2022. We found that in amniotic fluid, certain genes such as <i>COL6A1</i> and <i>DSCR1</i> were found to be affected, resulting in phenotypical craniofacial changes. Additionally, other genes such as <i>GSTT1</i>, <i>CLIC6</i>, <i>ITGB2</i>, <i>C21orf67</i>, <i>C21orf86</i> and <i>RUNX1</i> were also identified to be affected in the amniotic fluid. In the placenta, dysregulation of genes like <i>MEST</i>, <i>SNF1LK</i> and <i>LOX</i> was observed, which in turn affected nervous system development. In the brain, dysregulation of genes <i>DYRK1A</i>, <i>DNMT3L</i>, <i>DNMT3B</i>, <i>TBX1</i>, <i>olig2</i> and <i>AQP4</i> has been shown to contribute to intellectual disability. In the cardiac tissues, dysregulated expression of genes <i>GART</i>, <i>ETS2</i> and <i>ERG</i> was found to cause abnormalities. Furthermore, dysregulation of <i>XIST</i>, <i>RUNX1</i>, <i>SON</i>, <i>ERG</i> and <i>STAT1</i> was observed, contributing to myeloproliferative disorders. Understanding the differential expression of genes provides insights into the genetic consequences of DS. A better understanding of these processes could potentially pave the way for the development of genetic and pharmacological therapies.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2968Down syndromegene expressionbraincardiachaematopoietic |
| spellingShingle | Laura R. Chapman Isabela V. P. Ramnarine Dan Zemke Arshad Majid Simon M. Bell Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? International Journal of Molecular Sciences Down syndrome gene expression brain cardiac haematopoietic |
| title | Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? |
| title_full | Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? |
| title_fullStr | Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? |
| title_short | Gene Expression Studies in Down Syndrome: What Do They Tell Us about Disease Phenotypes? |
| title_sort | gene expression studies in down syndrome what do they tell us about disease phenotypes |
| topic | Down syndrome gene expression brain cardiac haematopoietic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2968 |
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