Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study
Although risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases begin to present in young people, the association between physical fitness and adiposity with traditional and novel risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases across adolescence remains relatively unknown. Following ethical approval, fifty-two adoles...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.1060530/full |
| _version_ | 1828116334288830464 |
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| author | Karah J. Dring Simon B. Cooper Ryan A. Williams John G. Morris Caroline Sunderland Gemma A. Foulds A. Graham Pockley Mary E. Nevill |
| author_facet | Karah J. Dring Simon B. Cooper Ryan A. Williams John G. Morris Caroline Sunderland Gemma A. Foulds A. Graham Pockley Mary E. Nevill |
| author_sort | Karah J. Dring |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases begin to present in young people, the association between physical fitness and adiposity with traditional and novel risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases across adolescence remains relatively unknown. Following ethical approval, fifty-two adolescents (age 11.6 ± 0.6 years; 32 girls) were recruited for a 2-years longitudinal study. Adiposity was assessed based on sum of skinfolds, waist circumference and body mass index, and physical fitness as distance run on the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT). Risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, plasma insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance - HOMA-IR, blood pressure) were measured following an overnight fast. Relationships between independent and response variables were analysed using multi-level modelling (final combined models were created using the stepwise backward elimination method). Plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-IR were positively associated with adiposity and inversely associated with distance run on the MSFT (all p < 0.05). The final combined models for plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-IR contained main effects for age, skinfolds and distance run on the MSFT. Levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were inversely related to the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.046), whereas there was a trend for levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to be positively related to the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.056). Adiposity and physical fitness are important, independent, determinants of metabolic health in adolescents. Furthermore, adiposity influences levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adolescence, with greater adiposity associated with a poorer inflammatory profile. The present study demonstrates an independent effect of physical fitness on metabolic health longitudinally across adolescence. It is therefore recommended that future work develops therapeutic interventions that reduce adiposity and enhance physical fitness in adolescents, to promote lifelong health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:55:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68c682f8c8ec40b99bd373a3ce364f27 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-9367 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:55:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| spelling | doaj.art-68c682f8c8ec40b99bd373a3ce364f272022-12-22T04:23:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living2624-93672022-12-01410.3389/fspor.2022.10605301060530Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal studyKarah J. Dring0Simon B. Cooper1Ryan A. Williams2John G. Morris3Caroline Sunderland4Gemma A. Foulds5A. Graham Pockley6Mary E. Nevill7Sport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomSport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomSport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomSport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomSport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomJohn van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomJohn van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomSport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomAlthough risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases begin to present in young people, the association between physical fitness and adiposity with traditional and novel risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases across adolescence remains relatively unknown. Following ethical approval, fifty-two adolescents (age 11.6 ± 0.6 years; 32 girls) were recruited for a 2-years longitudinal study. Adiposity was assessed based on sum of skinfolds, waist circumference and body mass index, and physical fitness as distance run on the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT). Risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, plasma insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance - HOMA-IR, blood pressure) were measured following an overnight fast. Relationships between independent and response variables were analysed using multi-level modelling (final combined models were created using the stepwise backward elimination method). Plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-IR were positively associated with adiposity and inversely associated with distance run on the MSFT (all p < 0.05). The final combined models for plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-IR contained main effects for age, skinfolds and distance run on the MSFT. Levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were inversely related to the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.046), whereas there was a trend for levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to be positively related to the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.056). Adiposity and physical fitness are important, independent, determinants of metabolic health in adolescents. Furthermore, adiposity influences levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adolescence, with greater adiposity associated with a poorer inflammatory profile. The present study demonstrates an independent effect of physical fitness on metabolic health longitudinally across adolescence. It is therefore recommended that future work develops therapeutic interventions that reduce adiposity and enhance physical fitness in adolescents, to promote lifelong health.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.1060530/fulladolescentscardiometabolic healthlow-grade chronic inflammationadiposityphysical fitness |
| spellingShingle | Karah J. Dring Simon B. Cooper Ryan A. Williams John G. Morris Caroline Sunderland Gemma A. Foulds A. Graham Pockley Mary E. Nevill Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study Frontiers in Sports and Active Living adolescents cardiometabolic health low-grade chronic inflammation adiposity physical fitness |
| title | Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study |
| title_full | Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study |
| title_short | Effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study |
| title_sort | effect of adiposity and physical fitness on cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents a 2 year longitudinal study |
| topic | adolescents cardiometabolic health low-grade chronic inflammation adiposity physical fitness |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.1060530/full |
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