Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV
This study explores the environmental and economic implications of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study in Indonesia is selected, focusing to achieve net zero emissions by 2050...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Alexandria Engineering Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016823009055 |
| _version_ | 1797640268270272512 |
|---|---|
| author | Ibham Veza Muhammad Zacky Asy'ari M. Idris Vorathin Epin I.M. Rizwanul Fattah Martin Spraggon |
| author_facet | Ibham Veza Muhammad Zacky Asy'ari M. Idris Vorathin Epin I.M. Rizwanul Fattah Martin Spraggon |
| author_sort | Ibham Veza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study explores the environmental and economic implications of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study in Indonesia is selected, focusing to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and improve air quality. The research compares key factors such as emission costs, fueling time costs, maintenance costs, and vehicle selection for a comprehensive understanding of each vehicle type's viability in the automotive landscape. The analysis reveals that EVs exhibit the lowest CO and CO2 emissions of about 20 %, while HEVs and PHEVs demonstrate significant reductions compared to ICE vehicles. However, EVs produce higher NOx and N2O emissions of more than 70 %, indicating a dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Air quality-related emissions, including SOx and PM10, are 90 % and 85 % higher in EVs, emphasizing the need for enhanced emission control technologies and the adoption of renewable energy sources. Despite their higher selling price and emission costs, EVs possess the lowest maintenance costs among the evaluated vehicles at only 0.00419 USD/km. Ultimately, HEVs present the most balanced combination of selling price, emission cost, and maintenance cost, making them an appealing option for the market. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, automotive manufacturers, and consumers in transitioning towards more sustainable transportation solutions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T13:29:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68dbe7fad6e5471f9b25f6498d53ba70 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1110-0168 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T13:29:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Alexandria Engineering Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-68dbe7fad6e5471f9b25f6498d53ba702023-11-03T04:15:03ZengElsevierAlexandria Engineering Journal1110-01682023-11-0182459467Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EVIbham Veza0Muhammad Zacky Asy'ari1M. Idris2Vorathin Epin3I.M. Rizwanul Fattah4Martin Spraggon5Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Corresponding authors.Faculty of Engineering, Darma Persada University, Jakarta 13450, IndonesiaSchool of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, IndonesiaMechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, MalaysiaCentre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, NSW, AustraliaResearch & Innovation Center Division, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Corresponding authors.This study explores the environmental and economic implications of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study in Indonesia is selected, focusing to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and improve air quality. The research compares key factors such as emission costs, fueling time costs, maintenance costs, and vehicle selection for a comprehensive understanding of each vehicle type's viability in the automotive landscape. The analysis reveals that EVs exhibit the lowest CO and CO2 emissions of about 20 %, while HEVs and PHEVs demonstrate significant reductions compared to ICE vehicles. However, EVs produce higher NOx and N2O emissions of more than 70 %, indicating a dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Air quality-related emissions, including SOx and PM10, are 90 % and 85 % higher in EVs, emphasizing the need for enhanced emission control technologies and the adoption of renewable energy sources. Despite their higher selling price and emission costs, EVs possess the lowest maintenance costs among the evaluated vehicles at only 0.00419 USD/km. Ultimately, HEVs present the most balanced combination of selling price, emission cost, and maintenance cost, making them an appealing option for the market. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, automotive manufacturers, and consumers in transitioning towards more sustainable transportation solutions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016823009055Electric vehicles IndonesiaHybrid electric vehiclesNet zero emissions 2050Vehicle emission costsSustainable transportation solutions |
| spellingShingle | Ibham Veza Muhammad Zacky Asy'ari M. Idris Vorathin Epin I.M. Rizwanul Fattah Martin Spraggon Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV Alexandria Engineering Journal Electric vehicles Indonesia Hybrid electric vehicles Net zero emissions 2050 Vehicle emission costs Sustainable transportation solutions |
| title | Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV |
| title_full | Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV |
| title_fullStr | Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV |
| title_short | Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV |
| title_sort | electric vehicle ev and driving towards sustainability comparison between ev hev phev and ice vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from ev |
| topic | Electric vehicles Indonesia Hybrid electric vehicles Net zero emissions 2050 Vehicle emission costs Sustainable transportation solutions |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016823009055 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ibhamveza electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev AT muhammadzackyasyari electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev AT midris electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev AT vorathinepin electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev AT imrizwanulfattah electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev AT martinspraggon electricvehicleevanddrivingtowardssustainabilitycomparisonbetweenevhevphevandicevehiclestoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050fromev |