Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug
Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is an <i>S. aureus</i> strain that has developed resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics, resulting in a scarcity of a potent cure for treating Staphylococcus infections. In this study, the anti-MRSA and antioxidant ac...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8369 |
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| author | Kholis Abdurachim Audah Jufendi Ettin Jason Darmadi Norma Nur Azizah Amalda Siti Anisa Tedi Dwi Fauzi Hermawan Conny Riana Tjampakasari Rudi Heryanto Intan Safinar Ismail Irmanida Batubara |
| author_facet | Kholis Abdurachim Audah Jufendi Ettin Jason Darmadi Norma Nur Azizah Amalda Siti Anisa Tedi Dwi Fauzi Hermawan Conny Riana Tjampakasari Rudi Heryanto Intan Safinar Ismail Irmanida Batubara |
| author_sort | Kholis Abdurachim Audah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is an <i>S. aureus</i> strain that has developed resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics, resulting in a scarcity of a potent cure for treating Staphylococcus infections. In this study, the anti-MRSA and antioxidant activity of the Indonesian mangrove species <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i>, <i>Avicennia marina</i>, <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i>, and <i>Rhizophora apiculata</i> were studied. Disk diffusion, DPPH, a brine shrimp lethality test, and total phenolic and flavonoid assays were conducted. Results showed that among the tested mangroves, ethanol solvent-based <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract had the highest antioxidant and anti-MRSA activities. An antioxidant activity assay showed comparable activity when compared to ascorbic acid, with an IC50 value of 4.2499 ± 3.0506 ppm and 5.2456 ± 0.5937 ppm, respectively, classifying the extract as a super-antioxidant. Moreover, <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract showed the highest content of strongly associated antioxidative and antibacterial polyphenols, with 12.4% consisting of nontoxic flavonoids with the minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol-based <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract being approximately 5000 ppm. LC-MS/MS results showed that phenolic compounds such as azelaic acid and aspirin were found, as well as flavonoid glucosides such as isovitexin and quercitrin. This strongly suggested that these compounds greatly contributed to antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to elucidate the interaction of the main compounds in <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract in order to confirm their potential either as single or two or more compounds that synergistically function as a nontoxic antioxidant and antibacterial against MRSA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:39:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68e1efcd325a4eecb24a413be13fbdb2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:39:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-68e1efcd325a4eecb24a413be13fbdb22023-11-24T11:41:03ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-11-012723836910.3390/molecules27238369Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> DrugKholis Abdurachim Audah0Jufendi Ettin1Jason Darmadi2Norma Nur Azizah3Amalda Siti Anisa4Tedi Dwi Fauzi Hermawan5Conny Riana Tjampakasari6Rudi Heryanto7Intan Safinar Ismail8Irmanida Batubara9Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, IndonesiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, IndonesiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, IndonesiaDrug Development Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, IndonesiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, IndonesiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Swiss German University, Tangerang 15143, IndonesiaDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, IndonesiaTropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, IndonesiaInstitute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaTropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, IndonesiaMethicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is an <i>S. aureus</i> strain that has developed resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics, resulting in a scarcity of a potent cure for treating Staphylococcus infections. In this study, the anti-MRSA and antioxidant activity of the Indonesian mangrove species <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i>, <i>Avicennia marina</i>, <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i>, and <i>Rhizophora apiculata</i> were studied. Disk diffusion, DPPH, a brine shrimp lethality test, and total phenolic and flavonoid assays were conducted. Results showed that among the tested mangroves, ethanol solvent-based <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract had the highest antioxidant and anti-MRSA activities. An antioxidant activity assay showed comparable activity when compared to ascorbic acid, with an IC50 value of 4.2499 ± 3.0506 ppm and 5.2456 ± 0.5937 ppm, respectively, classifying the extract as a super-antioxidant. Moreover, <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract showed the highest content of strongly associated antioxidative and antibacterial polyphenols, with 12.4% consisting of nontoxic flavonoids with the minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol-based <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract being approximately 5000 ppm. LC-MS/MS results showed that phenolic compounds such as azelaic acid and aspirin were found, as well as flavonoid glucosides such as isovitexin and quercitrin. This strongly suggested that these compounds greatly contributed to antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to elucidate the interaction of the main compounds in <i>S. caseolaris</i> leaves extract in order to confirm their potential either as single or two or more compounds that synergistically function as a nontoxic antioxidant and antibacterial against MRSA.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8369MRSAmangrove<i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i>bioactive compounddisk diffusionantibacterial activity |
| spellingShingle | Kholis Abdurachim Audah Jufendi Ettin Jason Darmadi Norma Nur Azizah Amalda Siti Anisa Tedi Dwi Fauzi Hermawan Conny Riana Tjampakasari Rudi Heryanto Intan Safinar Ismail Irmanida Batubara Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug Molecules MRSA mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> bioactive compound disk diffusion antibacterial activity |
| title | Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug |
| title_full | Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug |
| title_fullStr | Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug |
| title_short | Indonesian Mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> Leaves Ethanol Extract Is a Potential Super Antioxidant and Anti Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Drug |
| title_sort | indonesian mangrove i sonneratia caseolaris i leaves ethanol extract is a potential super antioxidant and anti methicillin resistant i staphylococcus aureus i drug |
| topic | MRSA mangrove <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> bioactive compound disk diffusion antibacterial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/23/8369 |
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