Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis
Located at the skin surface, keratinocytes (KCs) are constantly exposed to external stimuli and are the first responders to invading pathogens and injury. Upon skin injury, activated KCs secrete an array of alarmin molecules, providing a rapid and specific innate immune response against danger signa...
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/8/807 |
| _version_ | 1797724404461862912 |
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| author | Xiaowei Zhang Meimei Yin Ling-juan Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiaowei Zhang Meimei Yin Ling-juan Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiaowei Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Located at the skin surface, keratinocytes (KCs) are constantly exposed to external stimuli and are the first responders to invading pathogens and injury. Upon skin injury, activated KCs secrete an array of alarmin molecules, providing a rapid and specific innate immune response against danger signals. However, dysregulation of the innate immune response of KCs may lead to uncontrolled inflammation and psoriasis pathogenesis. Keratins (KRT) are the major structural intermediate filament proteins in KCs and are expressed in a highly specific pattern at different differentiation stages of KCs. While KRT14-KRT5 is restricted to basal proliferative KCs, and KRT10-KRT1 is restricted to suprabasal differentiated KCs in normal skin epidermis, the wound proximal KCs downregulate KRT10-K1 and upregulate KRT16/KRT17-KRT6 upon skin injury. Recent studies have recognized KRT6/16/17 as key early barrier alarmins and upregulation of these keratins alters proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and inflammatory features of KCs, contributing to hyperproliferation and innate immune activation of KCs in response to an epidermal barrier breach, followed by the autoimmune activation of T cells that drives psoriasis. Here, we have reviewed how keratins are dysregulated during skin injury, their roles in wound repairs and in initiating the innate immune system and the subsequent autoimmune amplification that arises in psoriasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T10:16:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68f564a4fa1542cf8315ba7c73285681 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T10:16:47Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-68f564a4fa1542cf8315ba7c732856812023-09-02T10:24:30ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-08-018880710.3390/cells8080807cells8080807Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and PsoriasisXiaowei Zhang0Meimei Yin1Ling-juan Zhang2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, ChinaLocated at the skin surface, keratinocytes (KCs) are constantly exposed to external stimuli and are the first responders to invading pathogens and injury. Upon skin injury, activated KCs secrete an array of alarmin molecules, providing a rapid and specific innate immune response against danger signals. However, dysregulation of the innate immune response of KCs may lead to uncontrolled inflammation and psoriasis pathogenesis. Keratins (KRT) are the major structural intermediate filament proteins in KCs and are expressed in a highly specific pattern at different differentiation stages of KCs. While KRT14-KRT5 is restricted to basal proliferative KCs, and KRT10-KRT1 is restricted to suprabasal differentiated KCs in normal skin epidermis, the wound proximal KCs downregulate KRT10-K1 and upregulate KRT16/KRT17-KRT6 upon skin injury. Recent studies have recognized KRT6/16/17 as key early barrier alarmins and upregulation of these keratins alters proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and inflammatory features of KCs, contributing to hyperproliferation and innate immune activation of KCs in response to an epidermal barrier breach, followed by the autoimmune activation of T cells that drives psoriasis. Here, we have reviewed how keratins are dysregulated during skin injury, their roles in wound repairs and in initiating the innate immune system and the subsequent autoimmune amplification that arises in psoriasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/8/807keratinsepidermal keratinocytesbarrier alarminsskin woundspsoriasisproliferationinnate immune responsesautoimmune |
| spellingShingle | Xiaowei Zhang Meimei Yin Ling-juan Zhang Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis Cells keratins epidermal keratinocytes barrier alarmins skin wounds psoriasis proliferation innate immune responses autoimmune |
| title | Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis |
| title_full | Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis |
| title_fullStr | Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis |
| title_short | Keratin 6, 16 and 17—Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis |
| title_sort | keratin 6 16 and 17 critical barrier alarmin molecules in skin wounds and psoriasis |
| topic | keratins epidermal keratinocytes barrier alarmins skin wounds psoriasis proliferation innate immune responses autoimmune |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/8/807 |
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