Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections
Subtype B coxsackieviruses (CVB) represent the most commonly identified infectious agents associated with acute and chronic myocarditis, with CVB3 being the most common variant. Damage to the heart is induced both directly by virally mediated cell destruction and indirectly due to the immune and aut...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2011-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/16/10/8475/ |
| _version_ | 1818537702035816448 |
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| author | Jens Kurreck Wolfgang Poller Henry Fechner Anja Geisler Sandra Pinkert |
| author_facet | Jens Kurreck Wolfgang Poller Henry Fechner Anja Geisler Sandra Pinkert |
| author_sort | Jens Kurreck |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Subtype B coxsackieviruses (CVB) represent the most commonly identified infectious agents associated with acute and chronic myocarditis, with CVB3 being the most common variant. Damage to the heart is induced both directly by virally mediated cell destruction and indirectly due to the immune and autoimmune processes reacting to virus infection. This review addresses antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections discovered over the last 25 years. One group represents pharmacologically active low molecular weight substances that inhibit virus uptake by binding to the virus capsid (e.g., pleconaril) or inactivate viral proteins (e.g., NO-metoprolol and ribavirin) or inhibit cellular proteins which are essential for viral replication (e.g., ubiquitination inhibitors). A second important group of substances are interferons. They have antiviral but also immunomodulating activities. The third and most recently discovered group includes biological and cellular therapeutics. Soluble receptor analogues (e.g., sCAR-Fc) bind to the virus capsid and block virus uptake. Small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides bind to and led to degradation of the viral RNA genome or cellular RNAs, thereby preventing their translation and viral replication. Most recently mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has been shown to possess antiviral activity in CVB3 infections. Taken together, a number of antiviral therapeutics has been developed for the treatment of myocardial CVB infection in recent years. In addition to low molecular weight inhibitors, biological therapeutics have become promising anti-viral agents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T18:54:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-68fc0fe7594a4e3496f9c4f5dbd4951c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T18:54:09Z |
| publishDate | 2011-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-68fc0fe7594a4e3496f9c4f5dbd4951c2022-12-22T00:54:12ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492011-10-0116108475850310.3390/molecules16108475Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus InfectionsJens KurreckWolfgang PollerHenry FechnerAnja GeislerSandra PinkertSubtype B coxsackieviruses (CVB) represent the most commonly identified infectious agents associated with acute and chronic myocarditis, with CVB3 being the most common variant. Damage to the heart is induced both directly by virally mediated cell destruction and indirectly due to the immune and autoimmune processes reacting to virus infection. This review addresses antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections discovered over the last 25 years. One group represents pharmacologically active low molecular weight substances that inhibit virus uptake by binding to the virus capsid (e.g., pleconaril) or inactivate viral proteins (e.g., NO-metoprolol and ribavirin) or inhibit cellular proteins which are essential for viral replication (e.g., ubiquitination inhibitors). A second important group of substances are interferons. They have antiviral but also immunomodulating activities. The third and most recently discovered group includes biological and cellular therapeutics. Soluble receptor analogues (e.g., sCAR-Fc) bind to the virus capsid and block virus uptake. Small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides bind to and led to degradation of the viral RNA genome or cellular RNAs, thereby preventing their translation and viral replication. Most recently mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has been shown to possess antiviral activity in CVB3 infections. Taken together, a number of antiviral therapeutics has been developed for the treatment of myocardial CVB infection in recent years. In addition to low molecular weight inhibitors, biological therapeutics have become promising anti-viral agents.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/16/10/8475/coxsackievirusmyocarditissoluble receptorsRNA interferenceantiviral drugs |
| spellingShingle | Jens Kurreck Wolfgang Poller Henry Fechner Anja Geisler Sandra Pinkert Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections Molecules coxsackievirus myocarditis soluble receptors RNA interference antiviral drugs |
| title | Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections |
| title_full | Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections |
| title_short | Pharmacological and Biological Antiviral Therapeutics for Cardiac Coxsackievirus Infections |
| title_sort | pharmacological and biological antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections |
| topic | coxsackievirus myocarditis soluble receptors RNA interference antiviral drugs |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/16/10/8475/ |
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