Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns
Twenty-seven methods of estimating vertical ground reaction force first peak, loading rate, second peak, average, and/or time series from a single wearable accelerometer worn on the shank or approximate center of mass during running were compared. Force estimation errors were quantified for 74 parti...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8719 |
| _version_ | 1797631335996588032 |
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| author | Dovin Kiernan Brandon Ng David A. Hawkins |
| author_facet | Dovin Kiernan Brandon Ng David A. Hawkins |
| author_sort | Dovin Kiernan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Twenty-seven methods of estimating vertical ground reaction force first peak, loading rate, second peak, average, and/or time series from a single wearable accelerometer worn on the shank or approximate center of mass during running were compared. Force estimation errors were quantified for 74 participants across different running surfaces, speeds, and foot strike angles and biases, repeatability coefficients, and limits of agreement were modeled with linear mixed effects to quantify the accuracy, reliability, and precision. Several methods accurately and reliably estimated the first peak and loading rate, however, none could do so precisely (the limits of agreement exceeded ±65% of target values). Thus, we do not recommend first peak or loading rate estimation from accelerometers with the methods currently available. In contrast, the second peak, average, and time series could all be estimated accurately, reliably, and precisely with several different methods. Of these, we recommend the ‘Pogson’ methods due to their accuracy, reliability, and precision as well as their stability across surfaces, speeds, and foot strike angles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6908a789eac348ee891699e9f5f65da7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:21:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-6908a789eac348ee891699e9f5f65da72023-11-10T15:11:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-10-012321871910.3390/s23218719Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike PatternsDovin Kiernan0Brandon Ng1David A. Hawkins2Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USABiomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USATwenty-seven methods of estimating vertical ground reaction force first peak, loading rate, second peak, average, and/or time series from a single wearable accelerometer worn on the shank or approximate center of mass during running were compared. Force estimation errors were quantified for 74 participants across different running surfaces, speeds, and foot strike angles and biases, repeatability coefficients, and limits of agreement were modeled with linear mixed effects to quantify the accuracy, reliability, and precision. Several methods accurately and reliably estimated the first peak and loading rate, however, none could do so precisely (the limits of agreement exceeded ±65% of target values). Thus, we do not recommend first peak or loading rate estimation from accelerometers with the methods currently available. In contrast, the second peak, average, and time series could all be estimated accurately, reliably, and precisely with several different methods. Of these, we recommend the ‘Pogson’ methods due to their accuracy, reliability, and precision as well as their stability across surfaces, speeds, and foot strike angles.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8719wearables inertial measurement units (IMUs)in-field kineticsover-ground gait biomechanicsmachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Dovin Kiernan Brandon Ng David A. Hawkins Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns Sensors wearables inertial measurement units (IMUs) in-field kinetics over-ground gait biomechanics machine learning |
| title | Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns |
| title_full | Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns |
| title_fullStr | Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns |
| title_short | Acceleration-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during Running: A Comparison of Methods across Running Speeds, Surfaces, and Foot Strike Patterns |
| title_sort | acceleration based estimation of vertical ground reaction forces during running a comparison of methods across running speeds surfaces and foot strike patterns |
| topic | wearables inertial measurement units (IMUs) in-field kinetics over-ground gait biomechanics machine learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8719 |
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