Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions
Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel i...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2843 |
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| author | Yuwen Fang Xiao Ma Yixiao Zhang Yanfei Li Kaiqi Zhang Changzhao Jiang Zhi Wang Shijin Shuai |
| author_facet | Yuwen Fang Xiao Ma Yixiao Zhang Yanfei Li Kaiqi Zhang Changzhao Jiang Zhi Wang Shijin Shuai |
| author_sort | Yuwen Fang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel injector uses liquid ammonia as its fuel. This study uses high-speed imaging with a DBI method to investigate the liquid penetration, width, and spray tip velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection up to 100 MPa. Non-flash and flash boiling conditions were included in the experimental conditions. Simulation was also used to evaluate the results. In non-flash boiling conditions, the Hiroyasu model provided better accuracy than the Siebers model. In flash boiling conditions, a phenomenon was found that liquid penetration and spray tip velocity were strongly suppressed in the initial stage of the injection process, this being the “spray resistance phenomenon”. The “spray resistance phenomenon” was observed when ambient pressure was below 0.7 MPa during 0–0.05 ms ASOI and was highly related to the superheated degree. The shape of near-nozzle sprays abruptly changed at 0.05 ms ASOI, indicating that strong cavitation inside the nozzle caused by needle lift effects is the key reason for the “spray resistance phenomenon”. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:36:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6919377d04b34c03a148a9bd2d5238e2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:36:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-6919377d04b34c03a148a9bd2d5238e22023-11-17T10:51:42ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-03-01166284310.3390/en16062843Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling ConditionsYuwen Fang0Xiao Ma1Yixiao Zhang2Yanfei Li3Kaiqi Zhang4Changzhao Jiang5Zhi Wang6Shijin Shuai7State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaMechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London UB8 3PH, UKState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaLiquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel injector uses liquid ammonia as its fuel. This study uses high-speed imaging with a DBI method to investigate the liquid penetration, width, and spray tip velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection up to 100 MPa. Non-flash and flash boiling conditions were included in the experimental conditions. Simulation was also used to evaluate the results. In non-flash boiling conditions, the Hiroyasu model provided better accuracy than the Siebers model. In flash boiling conditions, a phenomenon was found that liquid penetration and spray tip velocity were strongly suppressed in the initial stage of the injection process, this being the “spray resistance phenomenon”. The “spray resistance phenomenon” was observed when ambient pressure was below 0.7 MPa during 0–0.05 ms ASOI and was highly related to the superheated degree. The shape of near-nozzle sprays abruptly changed at 0.05 ms ASOI, indicating that strong cavitation inside the nozzle caused by needle lift effects is the key reason for the “spray resistance phenomenon”.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2843liquid ammoniaNH<sub>3</sub>zero-carbon fuelhigh-pressure injectionflash boiling spray |
| spellingShingle | Yuwen Fang Xiao Ma Yixiao Zhang Yanfei Li Kaiqi Zhang Changzhao Jiang Zhi Wang Shijin Shuai Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions Energies liquid ammonia NH<sub>3</sub> zero-carbon fuel high-pressure injection flash boiling spray |
| title | Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions |
| title_full | Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions |
| title_short | Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions |
| title_sort | experimental investigation of high pressure liquid ammonia injection under non flash boiling and flash boiling conditions |
| topic | liquid ammonia NH<sub>3</sub> zero-carbon fuel high-pressure injection flash boiling spray |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2843 |
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